Journal
TOXINS
Volume 15, Issue 11, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/toxins15110657
Keywords
microbial interaction; Gambierdiscus balechii; heterotrophic bicosoecid flagellate; Pseudobodo sp.; gambierones
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This study investigated the interaction between a heterotrophic bicosoecid flagellate, Pseudobodo sp., and a ciguatera food poisoning culprit dinoflagellate, Gambierdiscus balechii. The presence of Pseudobodo sp. inhibited algal proliferation and decreased the cardiotoxicity of zebrafish in the algal extract exposure experiment. The study also found significant differences in microbiome abundance and cellular production of certain compounds in algal cultures with and without Pseudobodo sp.
Microbial interactions including competition, mutualism, commensalism, parasitism, and predation, which can be triggered by nutrient acquisition and chemical communication, are universal phenomena in the marine ecosystem. The interactions may influence the microbial population density, metabolism, and even their environmental functions. Herein, we investigated the interaction between a heterotrophic bicosoecid flagellate, Pseudobodo sp. (Bicoecea), and a dinoflagellate, Gambierdiscus balechii (Dinophyceae), which is a well-known ciguatera food poisoning (CFP) culprit. The presence of Pseudobodo sp. inhibited the algal proliferation and decreased the cardiotoxicity of zebrafish in the algal extract exposure experiment. Moreover, a significant difference in microbiome abundance was observed in algal cultures with and without Pseudobodo sp. Chemical analysis targeting toxins was performed by using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) combined with molecular networking (MN), showing a significant alteration in the cellular production of gambierone analogs and some super-carbon chain compounds. Taken together, our results demonstrated the impact of heterotrophic flagellate on the photosynthetic dinoflagellates, revealing the complex dynamics of algal toxin production and the ecological relationships related to dinoflagellates in the marine environment.
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