Stepwise evaluation for the risk of metabolic unhealthiness and significant non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in India

Background Non-communicable diseases including metabolic health disorders are becoming area of concern for low/ middle income countries with poor health-care resources. Present study was planned to assess the prevalence of metabolically unhealthy (MU) subjects in the community and proportion of the MU subjects having the risk of significant Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) using a step-wise evaluation strategy in a resource-poor setting. Methods Study was performed in 19 community development blocks of Birbhum district, West Bengal, India. Every fifth member in the electoral list was included for the first step evaluation (n = 79,957/1,019,365, 7.8%) to detect any metabolic risk. Subjects with any metabolic risk in the first step (n = 9819/41,095, 24%) were taken for second step evaluation with Fasting blood glucose (FBG) and ALT. Subjects with elevated FBG and/or ALT in the second step (n =1403/5283, 27%) were taken into third step evaluation. Finding At least one risk factor was found in 51.4% (n = 41,095/79,957). 63% (n = 885/1403) of the subjects with metabolic abnormality (third step) had MU state making its overall prevalence of 1.1% (n = 885/79,957). 53% of MU subjects (n = 470/885) had 'persistently elevated ALT' suggesting the risk of having significant NAFLD. Interpretation Step-wise evaluation strategy could detect the subjects at risk, actually having MU state and proportion of MU subjects at risk of having 'persistently elevated ALT' (surrogate of significant NAFLD) in the community with minimum utilization of scarce resources. Funding This study was funded by Bristol Myers Squibb Foundation, USA, under the program 'Together on Diabetes Asia' (Project Number: 1205 - LFWB). Copyright (c) 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Automated summary

This study aimed to assess the prevalence of metabolically unhealthy subjects and their risk of significant NAFLD in a resource-poor community. The results showed that at least one risk factor was present in 51.4% of the subjects, and 63% of the subjects with metabolic abnormality had MU state, with 53% of MU subjects having the risk of significant NAFLD.