3.8 Article

First Graders' Definitions, Generalizations, and Justifications of Even and Odd Numbers

Publisher

SPRINGER
DOI: 10.1007/s42330-023-00297-8

Keywords

Student learning; Mathematics; Parity; Even and odd numbers; Justification; Justifying

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This paper examines how first-grade students define even and odd numbers and the justifications they use to support their generalizations using these definitions. The study shows that students transition from using pattern-based definitions to structure-based definitions.
In this paper, we explore the following research questions: How do first-grade students define even and odd numbers? What types of justifications do they use to support their generalizations using these definitions? We report the ways in which first-grade students define even and odd numbers and how they justify generalizations that use their definitions. While we focus on definitions and explanations of those definitions, the targeted underlying thinking practices at hand are generalizing and justifying. The instruction used in this study was aimed at supporting students in providing definitions, and then reasoning with their definitions by using them in new problem contexts in which they were asked to generalize a relationship about sums of evens and odds or justify that relationship. Our study shows that students shifted from using pattern-based definitions of parity to using structure-based definitions of parity. When justifying the parity of sums of even and odd numbers, students shifted away from using examples through empirical arguments towards using generic examples and in some cases a general argument. Dans cet article, nous explorons les sujets d'enquete suivants: comment les eleves de premiere annee definissent-ils les nombres pairs et impairs ? Quelles sortes de justifications utilisent-ils pour etayer leurs generalisations a partir de ces definitions ? Nous devoilons les manieres dont les eleves de premiere annee fixent le sens des nombres pairs et impairs, et comment ils motivent les generalisations que sous-tendent leurs definitions. Bien que nous nous concentrions sur les definitions et les explications derriere celles-ci, les pratiques de reflexion sous-jacentes ciblees sont la generalisation et la justification. L'enseignement utilise pour cette etude visait a aider les eleves a fournir des definitions, puis a raisonner avec celles-ci en les utilisant dans de nouvelles situations de problemes dans lesquels on leur demandait de generaliser une relation sur des sommes de nombres pairs et impairs ou de motiver cette relation. Notre travail montre que les eleves sont passes de definitions de la parite fondees sur des modeles etablis a des definitions de la parite fondees sur des structures. Lorsqu'ils ont justifie la parite des sommes de nombres pairs et impairs, les eleves sont passes de l'utilisation d'exemples bases sur des arguments empiriques a celle d'exemples generiques et, dans certains cas, fondes sur un argument general.

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