Bioinspired magnetic cilia: from materials to applications

Microscale and nanoscale cilia are ubiquitous in natural systems where they serve diverse biological functions. Bioinspired artificial magnetic cilia have emerged as a highly promising technology with vast potential applications, ranging from soft robotics to highly precise sensors. In this review, we comprehensively discuss the roles of cilia in nature and the various types of magnetic particles utilized in magnetic cilia; additionally, we explore the top-down and bottom-up fabrication techniques employed for their production. Furthermore, we examine the various applications of magnetic cilia, including their use in soft robotics, droplet and particle control systems, fluidics, optical devices, and sensors. Finally, we present our conclusions and the future outlook for magnetic cilia research and development, including the challenges that need to be overcome and the potential for further integration with emerging technologies.

Automated summary

Cilia play various biological functions in natural systems, and bioinspired artificial magnetic cilia have emerged as a highly promising technology. This review comprehensively discusses the roles of cilia in nature, the types of magnetic particles used in magnetic cilia, and the fabrication techniques for their production. It also examines the applications of magnetic cilia in soft robotics, control systems, fluidics, optical devices, and sensors. Future research and development of magnetic cilia need to address challenges and further integrate with emerging technologies.