Block Weighted Least Squares Estimation for Nonlinear Cost-based Split Questionnaire Design

In this study, we advocate a two-stage framework to deal with the issues encountered in surveys with long questionnaires. In Stage I, we propose a split questionnaire design (SQD) developed by minimizing a quadratic cost function while achieving reliability constraints on estimates of means, which effectively reduces the survey cost, alleviates the burden on the respondents, and potentially improves data quality. In Stage II, we develop a block weighted least squares (BWLS) estimator of linear regression coefficients that can be used with data obtained from the SQD obtained in Stage I. Numerical studies comparing existing methods strongly favor the proposed estimator in terms of prediction and estimation accuracy. Using the European Social Survey (ESS) data, we demonstrate that the proposed SQD can substantially reduce the survey cost and the number of questions answered by each respondent, and the proposed estimator is much more interpretable and efficient than present alternatives for the SQD data.

Automated summary

In this study, a two-stage framework is proposed to handle issues in surveys with long questionnaires. The first stage utilizes a split questionnaire design to minimize costs and ensure reliable estimates of means. The second stage involves a block weighted least squares estimator for linear regression coefficients. Numerical studies show that this method outperforms existing alternatives in terms of prediction and estimation accuracy.