Australian population norms for health-related quality of life measured using the EQ-5D-5L, and relationships with sociodemographic characteristics

Background Measuring health related quality-of-life (HRQoL) of the general population is essential to establish a reference for health outcome evaluations. This study sought to establish EQ-5D-5L population norms in Australia and to investigate the heterogeneity of HRQoL between sociodemographic variables.Methods A cross-sectional study comprising of a representative sample of Australia's general population (n = 9958) aged 18 or older. Recruitment quotas were set for the Australian census population by age, sex, state/territory of residence and rurality. Participants were recruited by Qualtrics through its database of over 800,000 registered panel members and asked to value their own state of health using the EQ-5D-5L domains and the EuroQol-Visual Analogue Scale (EQ-VAS). An Australian value set developed using Discreet Choice Experiment was used to calculate utility scores.Results The estimated mean EQ-5D-5L index for Australia's general population was 0.86 (standard deviation [SD] 0.19), and the EQ-VAS score was estimated as 73.2 (SD 21.7). 23.9% of the study population reported being in the best health state (11,111). Younger people, current smokers, people who are unemployed and people with more financial stress reported a lower EQ-5D-5L index score (p < 0.001). Residents in the major cities, inner regional and outer regional Australia reported higher health utility scores than those residing in remote and very remote Australia.Conclusions This is the first Australian study to apply the EQ-5D-5L in a nationally representative sample. The EQ-5D-5L Australian population norms obtained can be used as reference scores for future population health evaluations and comparisons. The findings facilitate a national reference for clinical, economic, and policy decision-making processes and provide a fuller understanding of the Australian population's HRQoL.

Automated summary

This study applied EQ-5D-5L to measure HRQoL in a representative sample of the Australian population and established population norms for Australia. The findings highlight the heterogeneity of HRQoL between different sociodemographic variables.