Related references
Note: Only part of the references are listed.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Jiawei Zhu et al.
Summary: The rational design of epitaxial heterostructures based on the growth of compatible phases with lattice similarity can enhance electrocatalytic activity. The charge transfer and reinforced electron conduction at the epitaxial heterointerface between Ru clusters and Ni3N substrate are studied through theoretical simulations, leading to optimized adsorption behaviors and reduced activation energy barriers. The defect-rich nanosheets with the epitaxially grown cRu-Ni3N heterointerface show remarkable bifunctional catalytic activity in electrocatalytic OER and HER, as well as in alkaline freshwater and seawater splitting.
ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Nutthaphak Kitiphatpiboon et al.
Summary: Currently, electrolysis of seawater-based electrolytes for hydrogen production is gaining attention. A composite electrocatalyst, MnCo2O4@NiFe-LDH, was developed for seawater electrolysis, which exhibited low overpotentials and improved stability. The NiFe-LDH layer acted as a protective layer and improved the active surface area of MnCo2O4 nanowires. Additionally, high valence states of Mn3+, Co3+, Ni3+, and Fe3+ played a vital role in the oxygen evolution reaction. This composite electrocatalyst shows promise for long-term seawater splitting.
JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Jiale Xing et al.
Summary: Direct seawater electrolysis faces challenges in suppressing chlorine adsorption/reaction and overcoming degradation of the anion exchange membrane. The solution involves developing selective catalysts and implementing limited operating conditions. Development of active, selective, cost-effective, and stable seawater-splitting catalysts is crucial for commercializing AEM water electrolyzers.
JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Chengyu Fu et al.
Summary: In this study, highly efficient and robust Ni-P-based nanoballs (NiPx@HA) grown on hydrophobic asbestos were synthesized for alkaline simulated seawater electrolysis. The strong chemical attachment between the substrate and nickel-rich components, as well as the hexagonal Ni5P4 crystalline modification and fast electron transfer capability contribute to the excellent performance. The versatile strategy allows for multi-elemental doping, flexible substrate employment, and scalable synthesis.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Jie Chen et al.
Summary: The use of nickel-iron sulfide nanosheet array on nickel foam as a bifunctional electrocatalyst demonstrates high-performance and cost-effective electrolysis of seawater for hydrogen production. It delivers a current density of 500 mA cm(-2) at overpotentials of 300 and 347 mV for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in alkaline seawater respectively. Moreover, it only requires a cell voltage of 1.85 V to drive 500 mA cm(-2) in a two-electrode electrolyzer, and shows strong stability for at least 50 hours of electrolysis in alkaline seawater, outperforming recently reported catalyst electrodes for seawater splitting.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY A
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear
Zhi Chen et al.
Summary: Economical, efficient and stable transition-metal electrocatalysts have been developed to replace noble-metal materials for alkaline hydrogen production. A new NiFe phosphide encapsulated in nitrogen-doped carbon (NiFe-P@NC) was constructed using corrosion engineering and mild phosphating processes. NiFe-P@NC exhibited excellent hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) performance and stability in KOH solution (1 M), and low overpotentials for HER and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in KOH (1 M) + seawater electrolyte. Additionally, a bifunctional electrolyzer assembled with NiFe-P@NC could drive high current densities in alkaline seawater electrolyte.
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY FRONTIERS
(2023)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Shangguo Liu et al.
Summary: The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is a critical step in water splitting for hydrogen production, and understanding its mechanism is crucial for developing efficient OER electrocatalysts. However, the mechanism of OER, especially in a water-solvent environment, is still not well understood for the widely studied rutile Ru-based oxide. It is still debated whether the adsorbate evolving mechanism (AEM) competes with the lattice oxygen mechanism (LOM) for OER.
ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Dasol Jin et al.
Summary: In this study, nanofibers of CoCrxRh2-xO4 were prepared to address the main challenge of anodic electrode corrosion in seawater electrolysis. Among the series of CoCrxRh2-xO4, CoCr0.7Rh1.3O4 nanofibers exhibited excellent electrocatalytic activity for oxygen evolution reaction with the highest mass activity, lowest overpotential, and smallest Tafel slope. In addition, CoCr0.7Rh1.3O4 nanofibers showed better OER performances in simulated seawater than a commercial benchmark catalyst (IrO2 nanoparticles), demonstrating their feasibility as an OER electrocatalyst for seawater electrolysis.
ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Enkhbayar Enkhtuvshin et al.
Summary: Generating hydrogen fuel through electrochemical water splitting powered by sustainable energy sources is a promising approach for future renewable energy. However, current electrolysis methods require desalinated water, leading to energy costs and water scarcity. This study introduces a cost-effective electrocatalyst, the surface reconstructed nickel-iron layered double hydroxide (NF-LDH), which can split saline water without chloride corrosion. The NF-LDH electrode exhibits exceptional activity and durability, with Ni3Fe alloy phase responsible for catalytic activity and corrosion resistance.
ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Van Hien Hoa et al.
Summary: Surface engineering and electronic modification are important for enhancing the catalytic performance of electrode materials. We improved the catalytic properties of Ir nanocluster-containing cobalt phosphide/phosphate heterostructured nanowires on nickel foam in water splitting. The optimized Ir content resulted in a highly efficient catalytic performance that outperformed commercial catalysts. DFT analysis confirmed that the enrichment of D-orbital in the heterostructure facilitated strong electronic interactions.
APPLIED CATALYSIS B-ENVIRONMENTAL
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Shujuan Lv et al.
Summary: In this study, a unique tri-metal phosphide open nanotube structure [FeCoNiP@carbon quantum dots, FCNP@CQDs] is fabricated for electrocatalytic water splitting. The FCNP@CQDs exhibit excellent catalytic performance due to their open structure. In alkaline seawater solution, a low overpotential of 268 mV is required for oxygen evolution reaction, while the eta 20 of hydrogen evolution reaction is 150 mV. The integrated strategy of CQDs-doping and construction of hollow open structures may open a new and relatively unexplored path for fabricating high-performance seawater splitting catalysis.
APPLIED CATALYSIS B-ENVIRONMENTAL
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Reza Andaveh et al.
Summary: This study presents a high-performance bifunctional water (seawater) electrocatalyst, 3-D heterostructured MnCo/NiSe/NF, for hydrogen production through seawater electrolysis. The MnCo/NiSe catalyst exhibits excellent catalytic activity for both HER and OER in alkaline water and seawater, with a synergistic effect between MnCo and NiSe. The findings are supported by DFT-based modeling.
APPLIED CATALYSIS B-ENVIRONMENTAL
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Teng Yang et al.
Summary: A rational design of rare earth element Er-doped MoO2 (Er-MoO2) with modulated electronic structure is reported, leading to boosted water splitting activity in both alkaline and seawater electrolyte. The optimized Er-MoO2 requires overpotentials of only 94/221 mV and 173/312 mV to deliver the 10 mA cm-2 for HER/OER in alkaline and seawater electrolyte, respectively. Moreover, a Mg/seawater battery coupled with the Er-MoO2 cathode achieves a maximum power density of 8.17 mW cm-2, combining with an excellent discharging stability for at least 24 h.
APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Yuanzhi Luo et al.
Summary: To achieve efficient hydrogen production at high current densities, this study develops a Mn-doped Ni2P/Fe2P electrocatalyst through a hydrothermal-phosphorization method. The electrocatalyst exhibits low overpotentials for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in alkaline seawater/freshwater electrolytes, as well as excellent stability even at high OER current densities. The efficient optimization of the electrocatalyst's electronic structure and the creation of active sites contribute to its high performance. This study provides a simple approach to fabricating non-noble electrocatalysts for freshwater/seawater splitting at high currents.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Byeong-ju Kim et al.
Summary: An efficient electrolyzer with Ni- and Fe-layered double hydroxide anode and binary NiMo cathode enables overall water splitting, desalination of saline water, and production of value-added chemicals. The use of bipolar membranes separates the NiFe-LDH and NiMo pairs, resulting in low overpotentials comparable to noble metal catalysts. Further configuration with anion and cation-exchange membranes enables efficient desalination of brackish water and seawater, with concurrent production of HCl and NaOH. Detailed characterization of electrocatalysts and comparison of electrolyzer configurations are performed to evaluate desalination efficiency.
Article
Electrochemistry
Yu-Ting Zeng et al.
Summary: The development of low-cost and highly efficient bifunctional electrocatalysts for electrochemical water splitting is crucial for sustainable energy systems. This study introduces Ru-decorated cobalt-iron oxide nanosheet arrays derived from metal-organic framework (MOF) and layered double hydroxide (LDH) double precursors on nickel foam (NF) for the first time, which shows excellent performance for overall water splitting.
ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear
Chaoxin Yang et al.
Summary: We report a high-performance and stable seawater splitting electrocatalyst, Fe-NiS/NF, which consists of iron-doped NiS nanosheet array on Ni foam. This catalyst exhibits low overpotentials of 420 and 270 mV for oxygen evolution and hydrogen evolution reactions, respectively, in alkaline seawater. The two-electrode electrolyzer using this catalyst requires a cell voltage of 1.88 V for 1000 mA cm-2 and demonstrates excellent long-term electrochemical durability for 50 hours in alkaline seawater. In situ electrochemical Raman and infrared spectroscopy were employed to study the reconstitution process of NiOOH and the generation of oxygen intermediates under reaction conditions.
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Jiao Li et al.
Summary: Researchers successfully prepared a hollow spherical cobalt-based sulfide catalyst which exhibited excellent electrocatalytic activity and stability in the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in alkaline seawater. The catalyst's remarkable catalytic performance for HER in seawater splitting can be attributed to its hollow structure.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Chengyu Fu et al.
Summary: In this study, highly efficient, flexible, robust, and scalable self-supporting electrodes based on earth-abundant iron borides were successfully fabricated for grid-scale hydrogen production. The electrodes showed low overpotentials and Tafel slope values, and maintained high catalytic activity over a long period of time. Furthermore, the electrodes had a low cost and exhibited excellent hydrogen production performance.
JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Shiwei Song et al.
Summary: In order to achieve sustained hydrogen generation from seawater electrolysis, an efficient catalyst is required to deal with slow anode reaction and chloride ions (Cl-) corrosion. In this study, an S-modified NiFe-phosphate catalyst was developed, which showed enhanced electrocatalytic activity and corrosion resistance. The catalyst enabled stable long-term operation in seawater and outperformed the traditional Pt/C || IrO2 catalyst pair in terms of industrial-scale seawater electrolysis. This study provides a feasible approach for the preparation of electrocatalysts with high activity and corrosion resistance, which is crucial for industrial-scale seawater electrolysis.
JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Dulan Wu et al.
Summary: This research reports a unique bifunctional catalyst consisting of Ru nanocrystals coupled with amorphous-crystalline Ni(Fe)P-2 nanosheets (Ru-Ni(Fe)P-2/NF). The catalyst exhibits excellent performance for oxygen and hydrogen evolution reactions in alkaline water and seawater, respectively, surpassing commercial Pt/C/NF and RuO2/NF catalysts. It also maintains stable performance at high current densities, making it a promising candidate for industrial-scale seawater splitting.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Jingwen Li et al.
Summary: A self-supported bimetallic phosphide heterostructure electrode coupled with an ultrathin carbon layer was constructed for the electrolysis of seawater. The electrode exhibited low overpotentials for both hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions and exhibited stable performance for 100 hours. The unique architecture of the electrode, including the CoP-FeP heterostructure, tightly coupled carbon layer, and self-supported porous current collector, contributed to its superior overall water and seawater splitting properties.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Khadijeh Hemmati et al.
Summary: Using seawater instead of freshwater for hydrogen fuel production via water electrolysis is a promising strategy, but the corrosion caused by chloride oxidation reaction hampers the overall stability of the electrolyzer. A bifunctional catalyst, NRAHM-NiO, developed by morphology engineering, shows outstanding catalytic activity for highly selective seawater splitting. With a small cell voltage, the catalytic activity is superior to benchmark systems and demonstrates specific stability and selectivity without forming chlorine species. The integrated photolysis system shows a 9.9% solar-to-hydrogen efficiency.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Arpan Tewary et al.
Summary: In this study, electrodes capable of sustainably splitting seawater at industrially acceptable current density were fabricated using sustainable and scalable procedures. These electrodes show promising potential for the commercialization of electrolyzer technology for green H2 production.
ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Xuanyi Wang et al.
Summary: This study synthesized an electrocatalyst CoxPv@NC with a unique multilevel structure enriched with P vacancies, which was successfully applied in industrial seawater splitting. The CoxPv@NC seawater electrolyzer requires low voltages of 1.88 V and 1.74 V in 1.0 M KOH seawater solution and 6.0 M KOH seawater solution at 60 degrees C, respectively, and exhibits outstanding catalytic performance over 100 hours at 1.0 A cm-2.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Jingqiang Wang et al.
Summary: In this study, a high-efficiency hybrid catalyst of Ni nanoparticles-encapsulated carbon nanotubes-bridged molybdenum carbide/nickel phosphide heterostructures (Ni@CNTs-MoxC/Ni2P) was prepared. The catalyst exhibited a hierarchical structure with rich heterogeneous interfaces, offering an efficient connection among different active phases. It showed superior performance in bifunctional oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) compared to recently reported catalysts.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Dong Feng et al.
Summary: Ru SAs-MoO3-x/NF catalysts, with the combination of single-atom ruthenium and amorphous substrates, effectively drive both oxygen and hydrogen evolution reactions in alkaline media, as well as in alkaline seawater electrolysis.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Fangming Zhang et al.
Summary: A feasible strategy to develop multifunctional collaborative catalytic interfaces for efficient alkaline seawater splitting is reported. The resultant material demonstrates low cell voltages and superior long-term stability, outperforming other non-noble bifunctional electrocatalysts.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Ning Wang et al.
Summary: Direct electrolysis of pH-neutral seawater to generate hydrogen faces an anodic competition issue between the chlorine evolution and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), resulting in low current density and limited operating stability. In this study, a proton-adsorption-promoting strategy has been proposed to increase the OER rate, allowing for enhanced and stable neutral seawater splitting. Palladium-doped cobalt oxide (Co3-xPdxO4) catalysts exhibit the best performance with an OER overpotential of 370 mV at 10 mA cm(-2) in pH-neutral simulated seawater, outperforming Co3O4 by 70 mV. Co3-xPdxO4 catalysts also demonstrate long-term stability in neutral seawater, with 450 hours at 200 mA cm(-2) and 20 hours at 1 A cm(-2). Experimental and theoretical analyses suggest that the inclusion of SPA cations accelerates the rate-determining water dissociation step in the neutral OER pathway, while ruling out additional OER sites as a main factor.
ADVANCED MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Lijuan Yang et al.
Summary: This study develops a new strategy for designing highly active, stable, and anti-corrosion electro-catalysts and successfully constructs an Ag2Se-Ag2S-CoCH/NF heterostructure. The catalyst exhibits excellent HER/OER activity and corrosion resistance in alkaline water and seawater. Moreover, it shows outstanding overall seawater splitting performance.
APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Daniela H. Marin et al.
Summary: Generation of H2 and O2 from untreated water sources is a promising alternative to ultrapure water required in contemporary proton exchange membrane-based electrolysis. Bipolar membrane-based devices, commonly used in electrodialysis and CO2 electrolysis, can enable impure water electrolysis by mediating ion transport and creating favorable microenvironments. This study demonstrates the application of bipolar membrane electrolyzers in direct seawater electrolysis, which effectively mitigates the oxidation of Cl- and enables longer-term seawater electrolysis compared to proton exchange membrane assemblies.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Xiangbowen Du et al.
Summary: In this study, a bifunctional catalyst based on NiFe2O4 spinel was used to couple the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) with selective methanol oxidation reaction (SMOR) for formate production. The results showed that the system exhibited high current density and Faradaic efficiencies, as well as excellent stability during continuous operation. Mechanistic investigation revealed the CO-free pathway for the SMOR reaction.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Yanmei Gong et al.
Summary: Seawater electrolysis for hydrogen production is hindered by the erosion and destruction of electrocatalysts by Cl- in seawater. This study successfully synthesized a partially selenized FeCo layered double hydroxide (Se-FeCo-LDH) catalyst with excellent conductivity and large surface area, which showed good electrocatalytic performance in seawater. Additionally, the formation of an anion aggregation layer around the electrode during the catalytic process prevented electrode erosion and destruction by Cl- and improved catalytic efficiency and durability. These findings lead to low overpotentials and voltages required for efficient water splitting in alkaline water and seawater.
JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Rikai Liang et al.
Summary: This study proposes a one-step electroless plating method to fabricate economical, efficient, and ultrastable electrodes for hydrogen production via water splitting. The deposited cobalt phosphorus-based species on a nickel net exhibit tight interfacial contact, rapid electron transport, high intrinsic activity, and long-term durability. The resulting electrode demonstrates not only stable catalysis in alkaline simulated seawater but also under various alkaline extreme conditions.
JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Quan Zhang et al.
Summary: High entropy alloys (HEAs), consisting of five or more elements, have unique structural characteristics that endow them with promising applications in hydrolysis catalysts. In this study, FeNiCoMnRu@CNT HEAs were successfully loaded onto carbon nanotubes using hydrothermal means. The HEAs exhibited excellent HER and OER properties in alkaline seawater, and showed a steady current density of 10 mA cm(-2) during constant electrolysis for over 30 hours. These findings suggest the potentially broad application prospect of HEAs for Zn air battery.
JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Linsen Huang et al.
Summary: Electrooxidation of ethylene to produce oxygenates is a promising method that requires less energy and produces less CO2 compared to traditional thermal catalysis. However, the current electrooxidation reaction is limited to alkaline and neutral electrolytes, resulting in low cell energy efficiency.
JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Jie Liang et al.
Summary: This article reviews the latest developments in seawater electrolysis systems at both lab-scale research and pilot-scale reactor levels, emphasizing key experimental details such as seawater treatments, product detection, electrode assembly, reactors, electrolyte feeding modes, etc. It also introduces an innovative approach of learning from ocean life for electrocatalytic system design and discusses future research directions and opportunities for practical applications.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Jie Tang et al.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Hua Zhang et al.
Summary: We designed a heterophase electrocatalyst with dense heterogeneous interfacial sites to enhance the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) performance. The synergistic effect of high-density crystalline and amorphous heterogeneous interfaces effectively promotes charge redistribution and optimizes the adsorbed oxygen intermediates, leading to increased OER catalytic activity.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Hao Liu et al.
Summary: This study demonstrates the beneficial effect of chloride ions (Cl-) on the activity and stability of a popular oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalyst, nickel-iron layered double hydroxide (NiFe LDH), in natural seawater. The adsorption of Cl- on the desired Fe sites suppresses Fe leaching and creates more OER-active Ni sites, improving the catalyst's long-term stability and activity simultaneously.
ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Wenxian Liu et al.
Summary: A monolithic Fe-Mo-Co-O nanosheet assembly, which comprises of Fe-doped Co2Mo3O8/MoO3/Co3O4 hybridized nanosheets decorated on nickel foam (FMCO/NF), has been developed for efficient and corrosion-resistant seawater splitting. This catalyst shows high activity and durability for water splitting in both freshwater and seawater media, outperforming benchmark catalysts and non-noble metal-based catalysts. Furthermore, it can be used as both cathode and anode in an alkaline seawater electrolyzer, demonstrating low cell voltage, good durability, and high Faradaic efficiency.
APPLIED CATALYSIS B-ENVIRONMENTAL
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Meng Chen et al.
Summary: In this study, a boron (B) doped MnFe2O4 spinel-type electrocatalyst with heterostructure was synthesized for seawater electrolysis. It was found that the introduction of B species effectively optimized the electronic configuration of MnFe2O4 and improved the electron transfer ability, reducing the energy barrier and enhancing the reaction process. The catalyst showed low overpotential and high stability in real seawater environment, making it a promising candidate for seawater splitting.
APPLIED CATALYSIS B-ENVIRONMENTAL
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Jiawei Zhu et al.
Summary: Due to the shortage of global freshwater resources, electrolysis of seawater has become a popular research topic. The presence of chloride ions in seawater hinders its electrolysis, making it essential to develop catalysts with high catalytic activity and stability against chloride corrosion. In this study, F doped FeP and CoP nanosheets with P vacancies were synthesized and displayed bifunctional activity for HER and OER in alkaline seawater. The assembled catalyst showed excellent performance in driving overall seawater splitting.
APPLIED CATALYSIS B-ENVIRONMENTAL
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Hao Shi et al.
Summary: By designing a pH-asymmetric electrolyzer with a Na+ exchange membrane, the authors have achieved efficient and low-cost hydrogen production from direct seawater electrolysis. This electrolyzer can prevent chloride corrosion and calcium/magnesium precipitation, and utilize the chemical potentials between different electrolytes to reduce the required voltage.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
R. Silviya et al.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Hiroki Komiya et al.
Summary: Developing highly active electrocatalysts and conductive electrolytescan improve water-splitting efficiency in the presence of chloride ions. This study introduces a new electrolyte engineering approach using a Cl--containing borate/carbonate mixed buffer electrolyte, which enhances conductivity and achieves a competitive value compared to 30 wt % KOH. The optimized performances for HER and OER are achieved by tuning the concentration of cations and operating pH, resulting in a stable zero-gap cell with high faradaic efficiency for seawater splitting.
ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING
(2023)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Fei Guo et al.
Review
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Huanyu Jin et al.
Summary: This review systematically examines recent advances in electrocatalytic seawater splitting and evaluates the obstacles to optimizing water supply, materials, and devices for stable hydrogen production from seawater. The study demonstrates that robust materials and innovative technologies, especially selective catalysts and high-performance devices, are critical for efficient seawater electrolysis. Furthermore, the review outlines and discusses future directions that could advance the techno-economic feasibility of this emerging field, providing a roadmap toward the design and commercialization of materials that can enable efficient, cost-effective, and sustainable seawater electrolysis.
Review
Chemistry, Physical
Abdul Malek et al.
Summary: Electrocatalytic splitting of water using renewable energy is a promising method for storing green energy as hydrogen. Splitting seawater instead of freshwater can be a sustainable alternative, although it faces challenges due to the complex composition of seawater. The corrosion of catalysts and the presence of pollutants in seawater create difficulties in developing stable electro-catalysts. Recent efforts have been made to directly split seawater without the need for purification, utilizing membrane-assisted or membrane-less electrolyzers.
GREEN ENERGY & ENVIRONMENT
(2023)
Review
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Huimin Yu et al.
Summary: By directly electrolyzing seawater using marine energy, green hydrogen can be produced without freshwater and fossil fuels. However, the complexity of seawater composition presents challenges for direct seawater electrolysis, including electrode corrosion and failure. This review analyzes the barriers and future directions for optimizing direct seawater splitting. It emphasizes the importance of selective catalysts, stable electrolyzer devices, and low-cost electrolyzers for improving the feasibility of direct seawater splitting.
Review
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Bo Xu et al.
Summary: As an ideal large-scale energy conversion/storage technology, electrochemical hydrogen production has great potential as a means of smoothing out the volatility of renewable sources. Electrocatalytic seawater splitting utilizes abundant natural seawater to replace purified water; this has considerable economic and environmental benefits, and will greatly expand the applications scope of water splitting. However, complex compositions existing in natural seawater hinder efficient H-2 electrosynthesis, especially chlorides that corrode the catalysts. Advanced surface and interface engineering has been demonstrated to be critical for the construction of efficient and stable electrodes for seawater electrolysis.
Review
Chemistry, Physical
Qian Wu et al.
Summary: Seawater electrolysis is a promising technology for green hydrogen production. However, traditional powder catalysts have limitations such as slow kinetics, competitive reactions, and corrosion. Self-supported nanoarray catalysts offer better performance with lower resistance, larger surface area, and improved stability. Strategies like constructing porous structures, forming Cl- barrier layer, and developing hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces can enhance the catalytic activity and stability of the catalyst.
ACTA PHYSICO-CHIMICA SINICA
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Zhijie Cui et al.
Summary: Tailoring the surface composition and coordinative environment of catalysts can influence their chemical performance. In this study, P-Fe2O3-CoP nanosheets were successfully constructed using a gas-phase phosphorization process. The P doping induced the formation of interfacial and defective structures between Fe2O3 and CoP, resulting in high oxidation and electrolysis activity in alkaline conditions.
JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Tanveer ul Haq et al.
Summary: A novel seawater electrolysis electrode design has been proposed, which demonstrates outstanding performance in overall seawater splitting with high selectivity for oxygen and hydrogen, strong corrosion resistance, and practical viability.
APPLIED CATALYSIS B-ENVIRONMENTAL
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
T. Marimuthu et al.
Summary: In this study, CuS microspheres were successfully synthesized with different synthesis times and Co doping concentrations. The Co doping significantly affected the morphology and electrochemical performance of CuS microspheres, with 5% Co-doped CuS demonstrating enhanced double layer capacitance and charge transfer properties.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY
(2022)
Review
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Xue Xiao et al.
Summary: Electrocatalytic water splitting is considered the most effective way to generate green energy-hydrogen and is seen as a promising solution to the world's energy crisis and climate change. While research has achieved high catalytic activities in harsh conditions, practical applications face challenges such as corrosion, catalyst stability, and technical difficulties. As a result, there is increasing focus on studying water splitting in mild conditions or even natural seawater to overcome these obstacles.
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Heng Sun et al.
Summary: The development of high-performance non-noble bifunctional catalysts for seawater electrolysis is challenging. In this study, a sandwich-like catalyst NiCoHPi@Ni3N/NF with a hierarchical structure is reported, demonstrating good oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activity in alkaline simulated seawater electrolyte.
ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Tanveer ul Haq et al.
Summary: Electrochemical splitting of seawater is preferable for sustainable hydrogen production, and the amorphous sulfur substituted copper oxide nanoneedle anode demonstrates excellent catalytic performance and corrosion resistance, making it suitable for seawater electrolysis.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Jianyun Liu et al.
Summary: By controlling the morphology of amorphous nickel-iron phosphides, we have successfully reduced the adsorption energy gap of key intermediates in the redox reactions, resulting in low overpotential electrocatalytic performance in simulated alkaline seawater.
APPLIED CATALYSIS B-ENVIRONMENTAL
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
T. Marimuthu et al.
Summary: Electrolysis of seawater for hydrogen production is an attractive approach for renewable energy technologies. In this study, Cu2S electrocatalyst was fabricated on Ni foam using a low temperature hydrothermal growth method. The Cu2S catalyst grown for 1 hour exhibited low overpotentials and superior electrocatalytic behavior for hydrogen evolution reaction in both deionized water and seawater. The results suggest that the cost-effective and low temperature fabrication of Cu2S electrocatalyst holds great potential for large-scale seawater splitting.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Haiyan Wang et al.
Summary: This study develops an efficient and abundant electrocatalyst for electrochemical seawater-splitting, which exhibits outstanding bifunctional catalytic activity in alkaline seawater and natural seawater electrolytes, making it a promising candidate for realistic seawater electrolysis.
JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Jin Wu et al.
Summary: This study presents a novel and simple synthesis strategy to prepare a self-supported high-performance water/seawater splitting bifunctional electro-catalyst. The catalyst exhibits excellent catalytic activity and enhanced chemical stability, which is highly relevant for commercial applications.
JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Hanhui You et al.
Summary: The researchers introduced a 5d transition metal, iridium (Ir), and developed a monolayer NiIr-layered double hydroxide (LDH) catalyst to enhance the performance of oxygen evolution reaction (OER) for seawater splitting. The catalyst showed superior activity compared to commercial iridium dioxide (IrO2) and the best known OER catalyst NiFe-LDH in alkaline seawater.
JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Hao Zhang et al.
Summary: A NiFe-PBA-gel-cal composite material with a 2D network structure prepared by a sol-gel method exhibits high activity and stability as both anode and cathode catalyst for overall water splitting. Spectroscopy analysis and theoretical calculations reveal the in situ generation of NiOOH2-x active species from NiCx during water oxidation and the role of high valence states of Ni in oxygen evolution reaction.
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Y. Yu et al.
Summary: Mo-CoPX/NF nanosheet arrays prepared by an in situ hydrothermal-phosphorylation method show low overpotential in water/seawater electrolytes, effectively driving overall water splitting, and demonstrate excellent catalytic durability.
MATERIALS TODAY NANO
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear
Honghui Chen et al.
Summary: In this study, CoSe2 nanocrystals embedded into a carbon framework grown on carbon cloth were successfully designed, demonstrating excellent performance in seawater splitting and promising applications in sustainable hydrogen production.
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY COMMUNICATIONS
(2022)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Xiaodong Fang et al.
Summary: In this study, an amorphous Co-Mo-B film on Ni foam was developed with superior activity and stability for hydrogen production in alkaline seawater.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Heping Xie et al.
Summary: This article introduces a method for direct seawater electrolysis for hydrogen production, which can solve the problems of side reactions and corrosion. In the experiment, this method stably operated for over 3200 hours under practical application conditions. The method is efficient, size-flexible, scalable, and has high practical value without increasing the operation cost.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Wenjie Shi et al.
Summary: By employing a self-sacrificing template strategy and regulating the composition and structure simultaneously, Fe-incorporated Ni/MoO2 heterostructural (NiFe/Fe-MoO2) hollow nanorod arrays are designed and constructed, showing superior activity in oxygen and hydrogen evolution reactions. This catalyst exhibits high performance in alkaline water and seawater electrolysis, surpassing Pt/C and RuO2.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Hao-Yu Wang et al.
Summary: In this study, a seawater electrolysis catalyst with high activity and stability was developed for efficient hydrogen and oxygen production. It showed impressive electrocatalytic performance and long-term stability in both seawater and saline water.
JOURNAL OF ENERGY CHEMISTRY
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Rutuja Mandavkar et al.
Summary: The ternary nickel-molybdenum-boron (NiMoB) electrocatalyst was systematically studied and a highly optimized NiMoB electrode with multi-sphere morphology showed superior electrochemical water splitting performance compared to benchmark electrodes. The incorporation of boron significantly improved the stability and water splitting capability of the electrodes.
APPLIED MATERIALS TODAY
(2022)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Yun Luo et al.
Summary: In this paper, a strategy to modulate the electronic microstructure of iron-based bimetallic MOFs for efficient water splitting is proposed. The optimal bimetallic MOFs demonstrated excellent electrocatalytic performance for oxygen and hydrogen evolution reactions. These findings highlight the importance of tailoring the electronic microstructure of bimetallic MOFs for efficient overall water splitting in alkaline and seawater environments.
ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES
(2022)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Xiang Wang et al.
Summary: This article reports a simple approach for preparing nitride composite materials using a metal-organic framework sacrificial template, and demonstrates the excellent catalytic performance and corrosion resistance of these composite materials in seawater splitting. By supporting cobalt molybdenum nitride catalyst on nitrogen-doped carbon nanosheets, high current density can be achieved at low overpotentials, providing potential for cost-effective implementation of water electrolysis technology.
ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES
(2022)
Review
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Tongzhou Wang et al.
Summary: The electrochemical oxidation of small molecules for hydrogen production and pollutant degradation has great advantages and potential applications.
ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Hao Zhang et al.
Summary: Seawater electrolysis is an attractive method for clean energy/hydrogen production due to the abundance of seawater. However, the scarcity of precious metals and inadequate materials pose challenges in obtaining bifunctional electrocatalysts with high catalytic activity and durability. This review introduces the mechanism and challenges of seawater electrolysis and summarizes optimization strategies for non-noble-metal-based electrocatalysts to provide guidance for the commercialization of seawater electrolysis.
JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Qian Liu et al.
Summary: Seawater electrolysis is a promising technology for large-scale hydrogen production, but electrode poisoning and corrosion limit its development. This study proposes a commercial melamine foam-derived N, O-doped carbon foam as a high-active metal-free electrocatalyst for seawater splitting, showing excellent stability and performance.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Xiaopeng Wang et al.
Summary: By modifying the electronic states around the Fermi level, an efficient electron transfer process in the oxygen evolution reaction can be achieved. The proposed mechanism involves a switchable metal and oxygen redox chemistry in nickel-oxyhydroxide-based materials with light as the trigger.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Yang Gao et al.
Summary: Seawater electrolysis is an important direction for the development of hydrogen energy conversion, and achieving high selectivity, activity, and stability in seawater electrolysis reactions is the key challenge. In this report, the construction of heterostructures GDY/RhOx/GDY demonstrated high-performance overall seawater electrolysis.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Jinli Fan et al.
Summary: The study presents a mild construction method for highly efficient and durable electrodes for overall water splitting. The self-supporting electrode, prepared by growing metal-organic framework on carbon cloth and plating with cobalt-boron, exhibits excellent performance in hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions. It also shows long-term stability in various electrolytes.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Tong Cui et al.
Summary: In this study, a self-assembled lily-shaped RuNi-Fe2O3 catalyst was synthesized via a facile hydrothermal process, and it was successfully used for alkaline seawater electrolysis. The catalyst demonstrated high efficiency, stability, and long-term durability, enabling large current density water splitting at low voltages.
CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS
(2022)
Review
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Yihang Yao et al.
Summary: This article summarizes the excellent performance and optimization strategies of transition metal borides (TMBs) in hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER), pointing out the direction for enhancing the performance.
ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Tanveer ul Haq et al.
Summary: Electrochemical splitting of seawater is a preferable method for sustainable hydrogen production, and a robust and cost-effective anode material with excellent catalytic activity is crucial. The S-Cu2O-CuO nanoneedles demonstrated outstanding oxygen evolution reaction (OER) performance due to its high conductivity, active sites, intrinsic activity, and corrosion resistance, making it a prospective candidate for largescale alkaline seawater electrolysis.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Libo Wu et al.
Summary: The study successfully synthesized a heterogeneous Ni2P-Fe2P microsheet electrocatalyst with superior catalytic activity and corrosion resistance, suitable for water and seawater electrolysis, demonstrating great potential. The catalyst has abundant active sites and a superior transfer coefficient, exhibiting performance even better than the currently reported best bifunctional catalysts.
ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Shaohua Wang et al.
Summary: The study presents a novel three-dimensional metal phosphide electrocatalyst (Co-Fe2P) deposited on Ni foam for seawater electrolysis, showing enhanced electrocatalytic properties for both the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Density functional theory calculations demonstrated the beneficial effect of CoFe2P on HER due to its suitable H* adsorption, with the potential for application in efficient electrolysis of seawater.
APPLIED CATALYSIS B-ENVIRONMENTAL
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Libo Wu et al.
Summary: The core-shell-structured CoPx@FeOOH catalyst designed for seawater electrolysis for hydrogen generation demonstrates excellent catalytic activity, high conductivity, large surface area, improved turnover frequency, optimal absorption energy to OER intermediates, enhanced chemical stability, and corrosion resistance. The CoPx||CoPx@FeOOH pair also shows great promise for fuel-gas production from seawater, with high Faradaic efficiency and low overpotentials required for certain current densities.
APPLIED CATALYSIS B-ENVIRONMENTAL
(2021)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Zhao Liu et al.
Summary: This study successfully demonstrated the use of solid oxide electrolysis for splitting untreated seawater, showing excellent electrochemical performance and long-term stability. A high energy conversion efficiency was achieved even without reusing high temperature exhaust gas. Long-term experiments showed that solid oxide electrolysis performed well in seawater splitting.
Article
Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear
Kun Jiang et al.
Summary: In this study, an advanced bifunctional electrocatalyst based on NiFe layered double hydroxide (LDH)/FeOOH heterostructure nanosheets was successfully synthesized via a simple electrodeposition method. The electrode demonstrated excellent electrocatalytic activity and stability, providing a valid strategy for designing a non-noble metal catalyst for seawater splitting. This work highlights the potential of the NiFe LDH/FeOOH heterostructure in facilitating active NiOOH species formation and enhancing overall alkaline simulated seawater splitting efficiency.
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Yiran Zhang et al.
Summary: The study presents a stable catalytic electrode design for efficient and stable hydrogen production in alkaline simulated seawater. By modifying active material NiB on Ti plate through electroless plating, a bifunctional Ti@NiB electrode is prepared. Experimental results demonstrate the electrode's good stability and high electrolysis efficiency.
JOURNAL OF ELECTROANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
(2021)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Yanmei Ren et al.
Summary: Transition metal borides (TMBs) are a class of important electrocatalytic materials for water splitting, but the synthesis of complex nanostructured TMBs with tunable surface properties is a major obstacle. In this study, a hierarchical nanostructured Co-Mo-B/CoMoO4-x composite supported on cobalt foam was fabricated via a hydrothermal method, resulting in high activity and stability for the alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), outperforming most reported TMB electrocatalysts.
ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES
(2021)
Editorial Material
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Sengeni Anantharaj et al.
Summary: Turnover frequency (TOF) has long been used as an accurate indicator of the intrinsic activity of catalysts in electrocatalytic reactions, but is often not properly reported. While current density is significant in determining apparent activity, TOF can more accurately reflect intrinsic activity free from interfering phenomena, yet remains underused in electrocatalysis.
ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Hongjiao Chen et al.
Summary: By designing an artificial sandwich-like catalyst, a highly efficient electrocatalyst with bifunctional oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activities in alkaline seawater was successfully synthesized. The utilization of the 3D wood aerogel features significantly enhanced the efficiency of seawater electrolysis.
APPLIED CATALYSIS B-ENVIRONMENTAL
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Dulan Wu et al.
Summary: This study introduces an ultralow Ru incorporated amorphous cobalt-based oxide catalyst for efficient and stable water electrolysis at high current densities, demonstrating its potential for industrial applications and exploring high-current-density water electrocatalysis by altering the catalyst crystallinity.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Biswajit S. De et al.
Summary: The study demonstrates the synthesis, micropatterning, and performance of a nickel nitride bifunctional catalyst to enhance the microfluidic alkaline membraneless electrolyzer. By optimizing the electrolyte flow rate using microfabrication techniques, gas product separation is maximized. The mu AME operates in a two-electrode configuration with good current density and stable performance.
ACS APPLIED ENERGY MATERIALS
(2021)
Review
Chemistry, Physical
Longcheng Zhang et al.
Summary: This review discusses recent progress in electrocatalytic water splitting using advanced electrospun nanomaterials, covering fundamentals, structure design, and electrocatalytic properties. The review highlights the importance of designing 1D nanocatalysts with large surface area, high electronic conductivity, and tunable composition to improve the efficiency of electrochemical water splitting. The future perspectives and challenges in designing next-generation 1D electrospun nanocatalysts for electrochemical water splitting are also outlined.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Qianli Ma et al.
Summary: This study successfully synthesized a low-cost, high-performance bifunctional catalyst that effectively drives hydrogen and oxygen production reactions in electrochemical water electrolysis through a specific heterostructure, achieving excellent catalytic performance.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY A
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Huanyu Jin et al.
Summary: Two-dimensional materials have emerged as promising electrocatalysts due to their unique physical and chemical properties. Metastable phases of 2D materials, which are highly active for electrocatalytic processes, can be obtained by destabilizing thermodynamically stable phases. Considerations for designing high-performance metastable 2D electrocatalysts include synthesis economy, product yield, post-treatment applicability, general synthesis protocols, and chemical and catalytic stabilities.
ACCOUNTS OF MATERIALS RESEARCH
(2021)
Review
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Cheng Wang et al.
Summary: Seawater is a promising electrolyte for industrial hydrogen production and refining of edible salt. Efficient and stable electrocatalysts are essential for water electrolysis, leading to significant achievements in recent years.
Review
Chemistry, Physical
Sakila Khatun et al.
Summary: Seawater is considered a major hydrogen reservoir, but the presence of multielements and interference in electrochemistry, particularly chlorine chemistry, make electrocatalytic water splitting challenging. To achieve sustainable seawater electrolysis, focus should not only on electrocatalyst activity but also on selective oxygen evolution reaction to suppress corrosive chlorine chemistry.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY A
(2021)
Review
Chemistry, Physical
Sakila Khatun et al.
Summary: Seawater is considered a major hydrogen reservoir, but the presence of multiple elements and interference in electrochemistry, especially chlorine chemistry, make seawater electrolysis challenging. To make seawater electrolysis sustainable, efficient oxygen evolution reaction and suppression of corrosive chlorine chemistry by electrocatalysts are highly desirable.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY A
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Hongming Sun et al.
ADVANCED MATERIALS
(2020)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Lorena Mosca et al.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY
(2020)
Review
Chemistry, Physical
Grace A. Lindquist et al.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Amol R. Jadhav et al.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY A
(2020)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Soeren Dresp et al.
ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
(2020)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Soeren Dresp et al.
ACS ENERGY LETTERS
(2019)
Editorial Material
Chemistry, Physical
Sengeni Anantharaj et al.
ACS ENERGY LETTERS
(2019)
Review
Environmental Sciences
Seyedsaeid Ahmadvand et al.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Hongliang Jiang et al.
ADVANCED MATERIALS
(2019)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Ximena C. Schmidt Rivera et al.
JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION
(2018)
Review
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Alexander Buttler et al.
RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS
(2018)
Review
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Guoqiang Zhao et al.
ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS
(2018)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Philipp Haug et al.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY
(2017)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Daniel V. Esposito
Review
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Nian-Tzu Suen et al.
CHEMICAL SOCIETY REVIEWS
(2017)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Fabio Dionigi et al.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Han Zhu et al.
ADVANCED MATERIALS
(2015)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Kai S. Exner et al.
ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION
(2014)
Review
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Carlos G. Morales-Guio et al.
CHEMICAL SOCIETY REVIEWS
(2014)
Review
Chemistry, Physical
Marcelo Carmo et al.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY
(2013)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Miguel A. Modestino et al.
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL PHYSICS
(2013)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Michael J. Kenney et al.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Isabela C. Man et al.
Article
Electrochemistry
Ioannis Katsounaros et al.
ELECTROCHEMISTRY COMMUNICATIONS
(2011)
Review
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Menachem Elimelech et al.
Review
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Timothy R. Cook et al.
Review
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Stephan Enthaler et al.
ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
(2010)
Review
Chemistry, Applied
J. D. Holladay et al.
