Bacterial extracellular vesicles: An emerging postbiotic

Review Food Science & Technology

A novel bioactive postbiotics: from microbiota-derived extracellular nanoparticles to health promoting

Zelin Gu et al.

Summary: This review presents the current understanding of the functional properties and mechanisms of health benefits of postbiotics-NPs, with a particular focus on the interactions in gut microbiota and host.

CRITICAL REVIEWS IN FOOD SCIENCE AND NUTRITION (2023)

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Article Biochemical Research Methods

A Universal Strategy to Promote Secretion of G plus /G- Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles and Its Application in Host Innate Immune Responses

Yilan Liu et al.

Summary: A universal method to enhance MV yields in both G+/G- bacteria was developed through an autonomous controlled PGase expression system. The engineered probiotic E. coli strains with high yield of MVs showed higher activation of the innate immune responses, demonstrating the potential in immunology and further living therapeutics in humans.

ACS SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY (2023)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Acetyltransferase from Akkermansia muciniphila blunts colorectal tumourigenesis by reprogramming tumour microenvironment

Yi Jiang et al.

Summary: This study reveals that the gut bacterium A. muciniphila is involved in the post-translational modification of proteins in colorectal cancer (CRC). A specific enzyme, Amuc_2172, is capable of acetylating histone H3 and promoting the expression and secretion of HSP70 in cancer cells, leading to enhanced immune activity of CTLs. Furthermore, bioengineered nanoparticles provide a potential drug delivery strategy for the treatment of CRC.

GUT (2023)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Escherichia coli-derived outer-membrane vesicles induce immune activation and progression of cirrhosis in mice and humans

Kazuki Natsui et al.

Summary: This study investigated the role of outer-membrane vesicles (OMVs) in the pathogenesis of cirrhosis. OMVs derived from Escherichia coli induced inflammation, fibrosis, and suppression of albumin production, exacerbating liver inflammation and fibrosis. These findings have important implications for the prevention and treatment of cirrhosis.

LIVER INTERNATIONAL (2023)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Bacterial extracellular vesicles: an emerging avenue to tackle diseases

Junhua Xie et al.

Summary: Bacterial extracellular vesicles (bEVs) have been shown to play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of various diseases. This article thoroughly discusses the contribution of bEVs in disease pathogenesis, their potential as diagnostic biomarkers, and their application as therapeutic targets.

TRENDS IN MICROBIOLOGY (2023)

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Article Microbiology

Bacterial extracellular vesicles and associated functional proteins in fermented dairy products with Lacticaseibacillus paracasei

Gaspar Perez Martinez et al.

Summary: This study found that EVs and functional proteins of L. paracasei were present in five commercial dairy-fermented products, and the interaction between milk EVs and bacterial EVs was observed. The study has solved technical complex problems and will facilitate future research on the molecular behavior of probiotics during fermentation and the mechanisms underlying the health benefits of fermented products.

FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY (2023)

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Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Extracellular vesicles from Lactobacillus druckerii inhibit hypertrophic scar fibrosis

Fu Han et al.

Summary: This study investigated the therapeutic efficacy of bacterial extracellular vesicles (EVs) obtained from Lactobacillus druckerii in treating hypertrophic scars. The results showed that LDEVs inhibited the expression of Collagen I/III and α-SMA in fibroblasts derived from hypertrophic scars and reduced cell proliferation. In a mouse model, LDEVs suppressed hypertrophic scar formation and decreased α-SMA expression. Additionally, LDEVs promoted skin cell proliferation, new blood vessel formation, and wound healing. Proteomic analysis revealed that LDEVs inhibit hypertrophic scar fibrosis through multiple pathways. These findings suggest that Lactobacillus druckerii-derived EVs have potential applications in treating hypertrophic scars and other fibrosis diseases.

JOURNAL OF NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY (2023)

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Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Extracellular vesicles of the Gram-positive gut symbiont Bifidobacterium longum induce immune-modulatory, anti-inflammatory effects

Noa Mandelbaum et al.

Summary: This study examined the extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by a newly sequenced Gram-positive human gut symbiont strain, Bifidobacterium longum AO44. The EVs were found to have anti-inflammatory effects, inducing the secretion of IL-10 from splenocytes and dendritic cells (DC)-CD4+ T cells co-cultures. The protein content of the EVs was enriched in ABC transporters, quorum sensing proteins, and extracellular solute-binding proteins, which are known to play a significant role in the anti-inflammatory effects of other strains of B. longum. This study highlights the importance of bacterial vesicles in modulating the host immune system and suggests their potential as future therapeutics.

NPJ BIOFILMS AND MICROBIOMES (2023)

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Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Limosilactobacillus mucosae-derived extracellular vesicles modulates macrophage phenotype and orchestrates gut homeostasis in a diarrheal piglet model

Jingjing Li et al.

Summary: Diarrheal disease is a major cause of mortality, particularly in children and young animals. The imbalance of gut microbiota, specifically the deficiency of Lactobacillus and abundance of Escherichia coli, is associated with the disease. Limosilactobacillus mucosae and Limosilactobacillus reuteri are signature bacteria differentiating healthy and diarrheal piglets. The administration of Limosilactobacillus mucosae-derived extracellular vesicles alleviates diarrheal symptoms through macrophage regulation. These findings offer insights into the pathogenesis of diarrheal disease and the development of probiotic-based therapies.

NPJ BIOFILMS AND MICROBIOMES (2023)

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Article Cell Biology

Extracellular vesicles derived from Akkermansia muciniphila promote placentation and mitigate preeclampsia in a mouse model

Yun Chen et al.

Summary: Preeclampsia (PE) is a multisystem disorder with no practical therapeutic approach. Gut dysbiosis is associated with PE. Abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila (Am) is lower in PE patients. Administration of Am attenuates blood pressure, promotes foetal growth and improves placental pathology in mice with PE. Am-derived extracellular vesicles (AmEVs) transferred to placenta mitigated pre-eclamptic symptoms in mice by enhancing trophoblast invasion and remodeling through activation of EGFR-PI3K-AKT pathway.

JOURNAL OF EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES (2023)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Emerging issues in probiotic safety: 2023 perspectives

Daniel Merenstein et al.

Summary: Probiotics are used by both healthy individuals and in clinical settings, but there are potential risks associated with their consumption. This has led to the need for concise recommendations on how to ensure the safe and effective use of new probiotic strains and products, especially in vulnerable populations.

GUT MICROBES (2023)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Modified Prebiotic-Based Shield Armed Probiotics with Enhanced Resistance of Gastrointestinal Stresses and Prolonged Intestinal Retention for Synergistic Alleviation of Colitis

Anqi Xie et al.

Summary: Oral administration of probiotics is a promising method to alleviate inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), but sensitivity to the gastrointestinal environment and poor intestinal colonization hinder their effectiveness. In this study, a modified prebiotic-based shield (Fe-TA@mGN) was developed to enhance the stress resistance ability and intestinal colonization of Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN). The shield improved the survival rate of EcN and its retention in the intestine, leading to efficient alleviation of colitis. Additionally, the shield synergized with EcN to regulate gut microbiota and promote the production of short-chain fatty acids, further enhancing the alleviation of colitis.

ACS NANO (2023)

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Article Food Science & Technology

Exploiting lactic acid bacteria for inflammatory bowel disease: A recent update

Yang Chen et al.

Summary: This review comprehensively summarizes the epidemic trend and pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and highlights the potential regulatory mode and mechanisms of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in alleviating IBD. LAB exhibits numerous advantages, such as producing bioactive metabolites, regulating gut immunity, protecting the intestinal mechanical barriers, inhibiting oxidative damage, and restoring unbalanced gut microbiota. The review also provides recommendations for screening effective LAB, controlling optimal intake, encapsulating LAB, investigating mechanisms, and improving clinical study design to improve the lives of IBD patients.

TRENDS IN FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY (2023)

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Article Cell Biology

Mass-produced gram-negative bacterial outer membrane vesicles activate cancer antigen-specific stem-like CD8(+) T cells which enables an effective combination immunotherapy with anti-PD-1

Solchan Won et al.

Summary: Despite the challenges in large-scale production, Escherichia coli outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) have potent anti-tumour activities and show synergy with anti-PD-1 immunotherapy. Mass-produced E. coli OMVs led to complete remission in mouse tumour models and increased infiltration and activation of cancer antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells in the tumour microenvironment. These findings highlight the potential of mass-produced E. coli OMVs as next-generation cancer immunotherapeutic agents.

JOURNAL OF EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES (2023)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Micrococcus luteus-derived extracellular vesicles attenuate neutrophilic asthma by regulating miRNAs in airway epithelial cells

Soyoon Sim et al.

Summary: Bacterial extracellular vesicles (EVs) from Micrococcus luteus have been found to regulate airway inflammation and improve lung function in asthma patients. These EVs specifically increase the levels of IgG4 and miRNA expression, which inhibit neutrophilic inflammation and improve respiratory symptoms. Therefore, MlEVs could be a potential novel therapeutic agent for managing neutrophilic asthma.

EXPERIMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MEDICINE (2023)

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Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Commensal bacteria-derived extracellular vesicles suppress ulcerative colitis through regulating the macrophages polarization and remodeling the gut microbiota

Liping Liang et al.

Summary: This study found that C. butyricum-derived EVs have a protective effect against DSS-induced colitis by regulating the repolarization of M2 macrophages and remodelling the composition of the gut microbiota.

MICROBIAL CELL FACTORIES (2022)

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Review Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

The tremendous biomedical potential of bacterial extracellular vesicles

Junhua Xie et al.

Summary: This article reviews the recent advances and obstacles in the use of bacterial extracellular vesicles (bEVs) in biomedical applications, and discusses the paths towards clinical translation.

TRENDS IN BIOTECHNOLOGY (2022)

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Review Immunology

Lactobacillus spp. for Gastrointestinal Health: Current and Future Perspectives

Elaine Dempsey et al.

Summary: This paper reviews the current understanding of how Lactobacillus species can benefit our gastrointestinal health. It emphasizes the need for further research to determine the mechanisms of action of probiotics and the impact of individual differences on health.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2022)

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Article Allergy

Immunoregulatory effects of Lactococcus lactis-derived extracellular vesicles in allergic asthma

Dong-Hyun Lee et al.

Summary: This study found that L. lactis-EVs may have immune-regulating effects on airway inflammation mediated by dendritic cell activation, providing a potential benefit for allergic asthma.

CLINICAL AND TRANSLATIONAL ALLERGY (2022)

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Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Lactobacilli extracellular vesicles: potential postbiotics to support the vaginal microbiota homeostasis

Vanessa Croatti et al.

Summary: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by lactobacilli can enhance the adhesion of beneficial lactobacilli while reducing the adhesion of pathogens in the vaginal microenvironment. This study provides new insights into the development of postbiotics from vaginal strains to maintain microbial balance and promote women's health.

MICROBIAL CELL FACTORIES (2022)

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Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Lactobacillus plantarum-derived extracellular vesicles protect against ischemic brain injury via the microRNA-101a-3p/c-Fos/TGF-β axis

Zhang Yang et al.

Summary: This study found that Lactobacillus plantarum-derived extracellular vesicles (LEVs) could reduce apoptosis in ischemic neurons, potentially through the miR-101a-3p/c-Fos/TGF-beta axis. Additionally, has-miR-101-3p may be a potential marker for neurological recovery in ischemic stroke patients.

PHARMACOLOGICAL RESEARCH (2022)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Characterization of extracellular vesicles from Lactiplantibacillus plantarum

Atsushi Kurata et al.

Summary: We investigated the characteristics and functionalities of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum extracellular vesicles (EVs) towards host immune cells and found that these EVs activate both innate and acquired immune responses. Additionally, we discovered a significant amount of EVs in the rat gastrointestinal tract, suggesting their role as modulators of intestinal immunity.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2022)

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Article Microbiology

Clostridium butyricum and Its Derived Extracellular Vesicles Modulate Gut Homeostasis and Ameliorate Acute Experimental Colitis

Lingyan Ma et al.

Summary: This study demonstrated that C. butyricum has a protective effect against colitis by modulating the gut microbiota and producing beneficial metabolites. Additionally, C. butyricum-derived extracellular vesicles show a positive impact on alleviating colitis.

MICROBIOLOGY SPECTRUM (2022)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Evaluation of the Preliminary Safety, Tolerability and Colonisation Efficacy of Topical Probiotic Formulations Containing Micrococcus luteus Q24 in Healthy Human Adults

Rohit Jain et al.

Summary: This study demonstrates that topical formulations containing Micrococcus luteus Q24 are safe and well-tolerated by healthy individuals, with over 90% of participants reporting improvements in the appearance of their skin. Furthermore, participants observed reductions in pore size, improved skin clarity, and enhanced softness.

COSMETICS (2022)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Combined IgE neutralization and Bifidobacterium longum supplementation reduces the allergic response in models of food allergy

Seong Beom An et al.

Summary: IgE is critical in the development of allergic diseases and its neutralization can alleviate symptoms. This study proposes the combined use of Bifidobacterium longum and a fusion protein called IgE(TRAP) to target IgE-mediated allergic reactions. The results show a reduction in mast cell and IgE levels in food allergy models, indicating a potentially potent treatment for patients with high IgE levels.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2022)

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Review Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Rational consideration of Akkermansia muciniphila targeting intestinal health: advantages and challenges

Yuheng Luo et al.

Summary: Akkermansia muciniphila, a promising next-generation probiotic, is closely related to the metabolic diseases of its human host. Through precise dietary regulation, its abundance can be altered to mediate the treatment of intestinal diseases.

NPJ BIOFILMS AND MICROBIOMES (2022)

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Review Food Science & Technology

Postbiotics: Current Trends in Food and Pharmaceutical Industry

Priyamvada Thorakkattu et al.

Summary: Postbiotics are biologically active non-viable bacterial products or metabolic byproducts produced by probiotic microorganisms. They are generated during anaerobic fermentation of organic nutrients and have numerous health advantages, potentially leading to increased consumer demand for postbiotic supplements.

FOODS (2022)

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Review Microbiology

Uptake, recognition and responses to peptidoglycan in the mammalian host

Paulo A. D. Bastos et al.

Summary: The microbiota and their signaling molecules play a significant role in influencing various physiological and behavioral consequences in the host organism. Peptidoglycan, a major component of bacterial cell surface, is released from gut bacteria, crosses the gut barrier, and enters the host system, influencing a range of physiological processes in the host. The molecular nature of peptidoglycan, the cellular profile of the recipient tissue, and the local immune context all play a role in determining the outcome for the host.

FEMS MICROBIOLOGY REVIEWS (2021)

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Review Microbiology

The population genetics of pathogenicEscherichia coli

Erick Denamur et al.

Summary: Escherichia coli, a commensal of the vertebrate gut and an opportunistic pathogen, has evolved virulence mainly through acquiring virulence genes on mobile elements in a specific chromosomal background. The emergence of stable and cosmopolitan lineages of pathogenic E. coli reflects an optimization of strain fitness through interactions between virulence determinants and the rest of the genome, with few lineages responsible for pathologies compared to the diversity of commensal strains.

NATURE REVIEWS MICROBIOLOGY (2021)

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Article Biochemical Research Methods

Characterization and proteomic analysis of outer membrane vesicles from a commensal microbe, Enterobacter cloacae

Sutonuka Bhar et al.

Summary: This study characterized the proteome of E. cloacae OMVs, revealing the presence of membrane-bound proteins and providing insight into their functional role. The research also discovered that this bacterium uses two mechanisms for OMV production. Further exploration of membrane vesicles produced by commensal bacteria and their role in cell-to-cell communication is encouraged.

JOURNAL OF PROTEOMICS (2021)

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Review Infectious Diseases

Faecalibacterium prausnitzii: A Next-Generation Probiotic in Gut Disease Improvement

Xiaoya He et al.

Summary: Researchers are increasingly focusing on the role of gut commensal bacteria in health development, especially in relation to inflammatory and infectious diseases. Faecalibacterium prausnitzii has emerged as a sentinel of the gut, with multifunctional properties including anti-inflammatory effects and enhancement of gut barrier function.

CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES & MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY (2021)

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Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Extracellular vesicles and pasteurized cells derived from Akkermansia muciniphila protect against high-fat induced obesity in mice

Fatemeh Ashrafian et al.

Summary: The study showed that pasteurized A. muciniphila and its EVs have preventive effects on HFD-induced obesity, with more noticeable effects than its active form. These treatments also inhibited inflammation and gene expression changes related to lipid metabolism caused by HFD, indicating a potential role in regulating metabolic functions to prevent obesity.

MICROBIAL CELL FACTORIES (2021)

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Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

Characterizing Different Probiotic-Derived Extracellular Vesicles as a Novel Adjuvant for Immunotherapy

Masaki Morishita et al.

Summary: Research on probiotic-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) reveals their potential therapeutic applications, with similar particle sizes and zeta potentials among EVs secreted by different probiotics, and their ability to activate the host's immune response. Furthermore, these EVs are mainly taken up by immune cells through clathrin-mediated endocytosis and macropinocytosis, stimulating the immune system to produce inflammatory cytokines, indicating their potential as a novel adjuvant formulation.

MOLECULAR PHARMACEUTICS (2021)

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Article Food Science & Technology

Food-grade lactic acid bacteria and probiotics as a potential protective tool against erythrotoxic dietary xenobiotics

Paul F. Cuevas-Gonzalez et al.

Summary: Food-grade lactic acid bacteria and probiotics, as well as their metabolites, have shown potential in protecting erythrocytes from oxidative damage induced by dietary xenobiotics. They can enhance the antioxidant system of erythrocytes, improve the bioavailability of antioxidants, and increase the expression of antioxidant enzymes in the host, providing a new approach to counteract oxidative stress.

TRENDS IN FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY (2021)

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Review Immunology

Host immunity and cellular responses to bacterial outer membrane vesicles

Varnesh Tiku et al.

Summary: Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) produced by Gram-negative bacteria play crucial roles in various aspects of bacterial physiology and their interaction with vertebrate host cells. They are important for bacterial colonization, delivery of virulence factors, and disease pathogenesis. OMVs also help bacteria modulate host immune responses, aiding in their evasion of host immunity.

TRENDS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science

Lactobacillus reuteri-derived extracellular vesicles maintain intestinal immune homeostasis against lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses in broilers

Rujiu Hu et al.

Summary: L. reuteri BBC3-derived EVs (LrEVs) play a regulatory role in attenuating LPS-induced inflammation in a chicken model. They improve growth performance, reduce mortality, and decrease intestinal injury. LrEVs suppress pro-inflammatory gene expression and enhance anti-inflammatory gene expression in the jejunum, indicating their potential immunoregulatory effects.

JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Enhancement of membrane vesicle production by disrupting the degP gene in Meiothermus ruber H328

Yuki Asano et al.

Summary: Research has shown that deleting the degP gene can increase the production of membrane vesicles (MV) in the thermophilic M. ruber H328 strain, with incubation at 60 degrees Celsius helping to increase MV quantity.

AMB EXPRESS (2021)

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Article Cell Biology

Visualizing transfer of microbial biomolecules by outer membrane vesicles in microbe-host-communication in vivo

Miriam Bittel et al.

Summary: Our study shows that bacterial OMVs can serve as a biological shuttle system for horizontal transfer of functional biomolecules between bacteria and mammalian host cells. Introducing E. coli engineered to express Cre-recombinase into mice demonstrated the transfer of bacterial OMVs to recipient cells in the gut and beyond. This evidence provides a method and proof of principle for inter-kingdom communication facilitated by OMVs.

JOURNAL OF EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES (2021)

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Review Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Recent Development of Probiotic Bifidobacteria for Treating Human Diseases

Jun Chen et al.

Summary: Bifidobacterium is a probiotic actinobacterium commonly found in the gut of infants and pregnant mothers, with strains like B. bifidum, B. breve, and B. longum used to prevent and treat gastrointestinal disorders. Studies show the therapeutic impact of Bifidobacterium species on human health, with ongoing efforts in engineering these probiotics for improved health benefits.

FRONTIERS IN BIOENGINEERING AND BIOTECHNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

The International Scientific Association of Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of postbiotics

Seppo Salminen et al.

Summary: In 2019, ISAPP convened a panel of experts to review the definition and scope of postbiotics. The panel defined postbiotics as a preparation of inanimate microorganisms and/or their components that confers a health benefit on the host. This definition aims to provide common ground for future activities in this area.

NATURE REVIEWS GASTROENTEROLOGY & HEPATOLOGY (2021)

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Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Effect of Akkermansia muciniphila, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, and Their Extracellular Vesicles on the Serotonin System in Intestinal Epithelial Cells

Rezvan Yaghoubfar et al.

Summary: Akkermansia muciniphila and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii along with their extracellular vesicles can increase serotonin levels in colorectal adenocarcinoma cells and significantly impact the expression of genes related to the serotonin system.

PROBIOTICS AND ANTIMICROBIAL PROTEINS (2021)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Bacterial extracellular vesicles: Understanding biology promotes applications as nanopharmaceuticals

Leila Pourtalebi Jahromi et al.

Summary: Bacterial vesicles mediate communication between cells containing various biomolecules. They have the potential for designing diverse therapeutic and diagnostic methods, but technical limitations must be addressed for production, purification, and characterization.

ADVANCED DRUG DELIVERY REVIEWS (2021)

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Review Microbiology

Bacterial Outer Membrane Vesicles: From Discovery to Applications

Mariana G. Sartorio et al.

Summary: Production of extracellular vesicles in bacteria, particularly outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) in gram-negative bacteria, is a well-documented but poorly understood process. Besides their roles in pathogenesis, cell-to-cell communication, and stress responses, OMVs also play important roles in immunomodulation and balancing the gut microbiota. The review discusses the various roles of OMVs and the current understanding of their biogenesis, as well as the expanding biotechnological applications of OMVs.

ANNUAL REVIEW OF MICROBIOLOGY, VOL 75, 2021 (2021)

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Review Cell & Tissue Engineering

Strategies to Enhance Extracellular Vesicle Production

Juhee Hahm et al.

Summary: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are sub-micrometer lipid vesicles secreted from parental cells, which can be regulated by various stimulants and physical methods to enhance their secretion rate and productivity. By studying and applying different stimulation methods and physical methods to produce artificial EVs, researchers aim to overcome the limitation of low productivity of EVs and achieve large scale EV generation.

TISSUE ENGINEERING AND REGENERATIVE MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Membrane vesicles of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus JB-1 contain immunomodulatory lipoteichoic acid and are endocytosed by intestinal epithelial cells

Kevin Champagne-Jorgensen et al.

Summary: Intestinal bacteria may influence host physiology by activating TLR2 and inducing IL-10 expression, and LTA appears to not be a necessary factor for MV endocytosis by IEC, in contrast to TLR2.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2021)

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Article Microbiology

The Protective Effects of Live and Pasteurized Akkermansia muciniphila and Its Extracellular Vesicles against HFD/CCl4-Induced Liver Injury

Shahrbanoo Keshavarz Azizi Raftar et al.

Summary: The study demonstrated that A. muciniphila and its EVs protect against HSC activation while improving liver fibrosis biomarkers, reducing liver histopathological damage, and modulating gut microbiota composition.

MICROBIOLOGY SPECTRUM (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Mechanisms underlying enhanced IgA production in Peyer's patch cells by membrane vesicles derived from Lactobacillus sakei

Yuki Miyoshi et al.

Summary: Utilizing membrane vesicles derived from Lactobacillus sakei subsp enhances IgA production in Peyer's patch cells, while inducing nitric oxide and interleukin-6 via Toll-like receptor 2 on bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. Inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase and retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 2, as well as neutralization of IL-6 can suppress the enhanced IgA production elicited by membrane vesicle stimulation.

BIOSCIENCE BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY (2021)

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Review Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Butyrate-producing human gut symbiont, Clostridium butyricum, and its role in health and disease

Magdalena K. Stoeva et al.

Summary: Clostridium butyricum has been investigated as a probiotic for various human diseases with well-established safety. Its health benefits are mediated through molecular and immune signals that affect multiple organ systems.

GUT MICROBES (2021)

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Article Biochemical Research Methods

Analyzing bacterial extracellular vesicles in human body fluids by orthogonal biophysical separation and biochemical characterization

Joeri Tulkens et al.

NATURE PROTOCOLS (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Lactobacillus paracasei-derived extracellular vesicles attenuate the intestinal inflammatory response by augmenting the endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway

Ji Hyun Choi et al.

EXPERIMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MEDICINE (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Development of novel nanoantibiotics using an outer membrane vesicle-based drug efflux mechanism

Weiwei Huang et al.

JOURNAL OF CONTROLLED RELEASE (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Bioengineering Bacterial Vesicle-Coated Polymeric Nanomedicine for Enhanced Cancer Immunotherapy and Metastasis Prevention

Qi Chen et al.

NANO LETTERS (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Microvesicles from Lactobacillus reuteri (DSM-17938) completely reproduce modulation of gut motility by bacteria in mice

Christine L. West et al.

PLOS ONE (2020)

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Article

Probiotic Propionibacterium freudenreichii requires SlpB protein to mitigate mucositis induced by chemotherapy

Fillipe Luiz Rosa do Carmo et al.

Oncotarget (2020)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Toll-like Receptors and the Control of Immunity

Katherine A. Fitzgerald et al.

CELL (2020)

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Review Microbiology

Cracking Open Bacterial Membrane Vesicles

Toshiki Nagakubo et al.

FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY (2020)

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Article Microbiology

The Uptake, Trafficking, and Biodistribution of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron Generated Outer Membrane Vesicles

Emily J. Jones et al.

FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY (2020)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

A purified membrane protein from Akkermansia muciniphila or the pasteurised bacterium blunts colitis associated tumourigenesis by modulation of CD8+ T cells in mice

Lijuan Wang et al.

GUT (2020)

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Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Comparison of two encapsulation processes to protect the commensal gut probiotic bacterium Faecalibacterium prausnitzii from the digestive tract

Audrey Raise et al.

JOURNAL OF DRUG DELIVERY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (2020)

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Article Microbiology

Lactobacillus acidophilus Membrane Vesicles as a Vehicle of Bacteriocin Delivery

Scott N. Dean et al.

FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY (2020)

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Review Microbiology

Bacterial Membrane Vesicles as Mediators of Microbe - Microbe and Microbe - Host Community Interactions

Julie C. Caruana et al.

FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY (2020)

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Article Microbiology

Extracellular Vesicles Produced by the Probiotic Propionibacterium freudenreichii CIRM-BIA 129 Mitigate Inflammation by Modulating the NF-κB Pathway

Vinicius de Rezende Rodovalho et al.

FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Bacterial outer membrane vesicles as a platform for biomedical applications: An update

Min Li et al.

JOURNAL OF CONTROLLED RELEASE (2020)

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Review Immunology

Extracellular Vesicle Biogenesis and Functions in Gram-Positive Bacteria

Paul Briaud et al.

INFECTION AND IMMUNITY (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Lactobacillus casei extracellular vesicles stimulate EGFR pathway likely due to the presence of proteins P40 and P75 bound to their surface

Christine Bauerl et al.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2020)

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Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

The effect ofFaecalibacterium prausnitziiand its extracellular vesicles on the permeability of intestinal epithelial cells and expression of PPARs and ANGPTL4 in the Caco-2 cell culture model

Seyedeh Marzieh Moosavi et al.

JOURNAL OF DIABETES AND METABOLIC DISORDERS (2020)

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Article Cell Biology

Lactobacillus plantarum-derived extracellular vesicles induce anti-inflammatory M2 macrophage polarization in vitro

Wanil Kim et al.

JOURNAL OF EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES (2020)

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Article Critical Care Medicine

TOLL-LIKE RECEPTOR 4 SIGNALING LICENSES THE CYTOSOLIC TRANSPORT OF LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE FROM BACTERIAL OUTER MEMBRANE VESICLES

Lan Gu et al.

SHOCK (2019)

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Review Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Tryptophan metabolism as a common therapeutic target in cancer, neurodegeneration and beyond

Michael Platten et al.

NATURE REVIEWS DRUG DISCOVERY (2019)

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Review Nutrition & Dietetics

The Immunomodulatory Properties of Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Probiotics: A Novel Approach for the Management of Gastrointestinal Diseases

Jose Alberto Molina-Tijeras et al.

NUTRIENTS (2019)

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Article Cell Biology

Analysis of the Escherichia coli extracellular vesicle proteome identifies markers of purity and culture conditions

Jiwon Hong et al.

JOURNAL OF EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES (2019)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Induction effects of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and its extracellular vesicles on toll-like receptor signaling pathway gene expression and cytokine level in human intestinal epithelial cells

Nasrin Rabiei et al.

CYTOKINE (2019)

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Article Microbiology

Akkermansia muciniphila-Derived Extracellular Vesicles as a Mucosal Delivery Vector for Amelioration of Obesity in Mice

Fatemeh Ashrafian et al.

FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY (2019)

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Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Continuous production of Neisseria meningitidis outer membrane vesicles

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