Comprehensive overview of microRNA function in rheumatoid arthritis

MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a class of endogenous single-stranded short noncoding RNAs, have emerged as vital epigenetic regulators of both pathological and physiological processes in animals. They direct fundamental cellular pathways and processes by fine-tuning the expression of multiple genes at the posttranscriptional level. Growing evidence suggests that miRNAs are implicated in the onset and development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). RA is a chronic inflammatory disease that mainly affects synovial joints. This common autoimmune disorder is characterized by a complex and multifaceted pathogenesis, and its morbidity, disability and mortality rates remain consistently high. More in-depth insights into the underlying mechanisms of RA are required to address unmet clinical needs and optimize treatment. Herein, we comprehensively review the deregulated miRNAs and impaired cellular functions in RA to shed light on several aspects of RA pathogenesis, with a focus on excessive inflammation, synovial hyperplasia and progressive joint damage. This review also provides promising targets for innovative therapies of RA. In addition, we discuss the regulatory roles and clinical potential of extracellular miRNAs in RA, highlighting their prospective applications as diagnostic and predictive biomarkers.

Automated summary

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of endogenous single-stranded short noncoding RNAs that play vital roles in epigenetic regulation of pathological and physiological processes in animals. They fine-tune the expression of multiple genes posttranscriptionally, directing fundamental cellular pathways. miRNAs have been implicated in the onset and development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by complex pathogenesis and high morbidity, disability, and mortality rates. Understanding the deregulated miRNAs and impaired cellular functions in RA is crucial for improving clinical management and identifying potential therapeutic targets. This review comprehensively discusses the involvement of miRNAs in excessive inflammation, synovial hyperplasia, progressive joint damage, and the clinical potential of extracellular miRNAs as diagnostic and predictive biomarkers in RA.