Prevalence of undernutrition among pregnant women and its differences across relevant subgroups in rural Ethiopia: a community-based cross-sectional study

Key messageUndernutrition is a highly prevalent problem among rural Ethiopian pregnant women, especially with those who avoid food/s, do not get counseled, and had two or more pregnancies and a history of miscarriage.All healthcare providers, especially those working in ANC and child services in Ethiopia, should be aware of the risks of maternal undernutrition.Nutritional education and counseling at the ANC clinic should be strengthened, and there should be reinforcement mechanisms BackgroundMaternal undernutrition is one of the commonest public health problems in many low- and middle-income countries where generally more than 20% of women are undernourished. It is more common in rural areas due to unclear factors. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of undernutrition in general and in subgroups and determine risk factors among pregnant women in rural Ethiopia.MethodsA community-based cross-sectional survey was conducted from April 30 to May 30, 2019 on 550 pregnant women who were randomly selected from six districts in southern Ethiopia. Trained and experienced nurses measured undernutrition using mid-upper arm circumference and collected other data. We used multilevel mixed-effect logistic regression to identify factors associated with undernutrition among pregnant women.ResultsThe prevalence of undernutrition among pregnant women was 38% (95% CI: (34.2-42.3). The odds of undernutrition was higher among women who got pregnant previously (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 1.66; 95% CI: 1.02-2.71), who had a history of miscarriage (AOR: 3.18; 95% CI: 1.77-5.70), who practiced food taboos (AOR: 2.23; 95% CI: 1.47-3.39), and who did not get any nutritional counseling during pregnancy (AOR: 2.97; 95% CI: 1.79- 4.95). The prevalence of undernutrition was higher among pregnant women who had multiple risk factors and the difference was statistically significant (p < 0.001).ConclusionUndernutrition is a highly prevalent problem among rural Ethiopian pregnant women, especially with those who avoid food, do not get counseled, and had two or more pregnancies and a history of miscarriage. Improving the integration of nutrition programs with routine healthcare services and encouraging a multi-sectorial intervention strategy would help to reduce maternal undernutrition in the country.

Automated summary

Undernutrition is a prevalent problem among rural Ethiopian pregnant women, especially those who avoid food, do not receive counseling, and have had multiple pregnancies and a history of miscarriage. All healthcare providers in Ethiopia, particularly those working in antenatal care and child services, should be aware of the risks associated with maternal undernutrition. Nutritional education and counseling at antenatal clinics should be strengthened, and reinforcement mechanisms should be implemented.