Localization of nuclear wave functions of lithium in [Li+@C60]PF6-: molecular insights into two-site disorder-order transition

Lithium endohedral fullerene, Li+@C-60, is a porous system ideal for studying the quantized translational motion of the Li+ nucleus under subnanoscale confinement. The quantized nuclear motion strongly depends on the anharmonic and polarizable adsorbent potential within the C-60 cage, which can be perturbed by cage distortion and/or exterior ions. In our recent paper, H. Ando and Y. Nakao, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2021, 23, 9785-9803, we focused on a [Li+@C-60]PF6- salt and theoretically investigated how the Li+ ion in each C-60 cage is simultaneously localized at two equivalent disordered sites in 24 K < T MUCH LESS-THAN 100 K. At 24 K, the salt exhibits a disorder-order transition, whereby every Li+ ion becomes mostly localized at one of the two disordered sites below that temperature. Herein we discuss the origin of this transition with special attention to the local structural distortion and intermolecular interactions. Using the Fourier grid Hamiltonian method and a model function that fits a post-Hartree-Fock potential energy surface, we obtained hundreds of low-energy nuclear wave functions of Li+ confined within the cage. The weak distortions of the C-60 cage and the PF6- coordination sphere below 24 K and concurrent inversion-symmetry breaking affect intermolecular interactions, thus making the wave functions of the nuclear ground state and several low-energy excited states localized around the experimental high-occupancy disordered site. This demonstrates that the distortions correlate closely with the two-site disorder-order transition. Finally, we reveal that two absorption peaks in the terahertz frequency range show substantial blueshifts upon cooling below 24 K, which serve as fingerprints of the transition.

Automated summary

In this study, the [Li+@C-60]PF6- salt was theoretically investigated, revealing that at temperatures below 24 K, Li+ ions are localized at two equivalent disordered sites, while below that temperature, a disorder-order transition occurs and the Li+ ions are mostly localized at one of the two disordered sites. It was found that the weak distortions of the C-60 cage and the PF6- coordination sphere, as well as the inversion-symmetry breaking, affect intermolecular interactions, leading to the two-site disorder-order transition.