Amelioration of walnut-derived novel peptides against d-galactose-induced cognitive impairment by modulating the gut microbiota composition

In this work, RLWPF (Arg-Leu-Trp-Pro-Phe) and VLRLF (Val-Leu-Arg-Leu-Phe) were investigated for the effects against d-galactose (d-gal) induced cognitive impairment by modulating the gut microbiota composition. The effects on serum metabolite production were further investigated. The two novel peptides derived from walnut protein alkaline protease hydrolysates were predicted by docking to acetylcholinesterase (AChE) with the highest binding affinities, -10.3 and -9.9 kcal mol(-1), considered as the potential neuroprotective peptides. In behavioral experiments, RLWPF and VLRLF treatment significantly restored spatial learning and memory impairment induced by d-gal. The results showed that RLWPF and VLRLF could alleviate cholinergic dysfunction, oxidative stress, and inflammation to varying degrees caused by d-gal-induced aging. Furthermore, 16S rRNA analysis revealed that RLWPF and VLRLF treatment improved cognitive impairment by regulating the composition of the gut microbiota and the abundance of harmful bacteria, including the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes, Helicobacter, Allobaculum, Alistipes, Mucispirillum, and Odoribacter. In addition to the same regulation, RLWPF and VLRLF had their marker and regulatory flora. Studies based on the gut microbiota would allow a better understanding of the neuroprotective effects of walnut-derived peptides, supporting that walnut-derived peptides could be potential functional ingredients in foods and nutraceuticals or drug candidates in the treatment of cognitive dysfunction.

Automated summary

This study investigated the effects of two novel peptides RLWPF and VLRLF derived from walnut protein on d-galactose-induced cognitive impairment through modulation of the gut microbiota composition. The peptides showed potential neuroprotective effects by alleviating cholinergic dysfunction, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Furthermore, they improved cognitive impairment by regulating the gut microbiota composition and reducing the abundance of harmful bacteria. These findings suggest that walnut-derived peptides could be potential functional ingredients or drug candidates for the treatment of cognitive dysfunction.