4.1 Review

Recent progress in intermetallic nanocrystals for electrocatalysis: From binary to ternary to high-entropy intermetallics

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Summary: The study found that in Pt3Sn catalysts, 60% ordered nanocubes exhibit higher activity compared to 95% ordered nanocubes, as the Sn atoms in the 60% ordered nanocubes are more easily oxidized to Sn4+, leading to better oxidation efficiency. This highlights the importance of controlling the environment and neighboring atoms in catalyst design for intermetallic Pt-M electrocatalysts.

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Summary: Electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction at ambient temperature is a challenging green technology for artificial nitrogen fixation due to low yield and poor selectivity. A nanoporous ordered intermetallic Pd3Bi prepared from chemically etched PdBi2 exhibits efficient electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction, achieving high activity and selectivity. Further studies show that strong coupling between Pd-Bi sites plays a crucial role in electron transfer of intermetallic Pd3Bi, improving the NRR process performance.

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Summary: In this review, we critically evaluate the application of main-group elements in electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction, present methodologies for N2 activation and HER suppression, and demonstrate the potential of MGEs-based mechanisms for smart design. The conclusion shows that MGEs can significantly enhance electrochemical N2 fixation.
Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Vertex-Directed and Asymmetric Metal Overgrowth of Intermetallic Pd3Pb@PtNi Nanocubes for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction

Hannah M. Ashberry et al.

Summary: The deposition of PtNi shells on intermetallic Pd3Pb nanocubes as seeds was studied, showing vertex-directed and asymmetric overgrowths. The mode of overgrowth was impacted by the amount of capping agent and reaction temperature, leading to different performances of the core@shell nanoparticles in the oxygen reduction reaction. Achieving fine architectural control for core@shell nanoparticles through judicious selection of synthetic conditions was highlighted as crucial for optimizing catalytic activity.

ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS (2021)

Review Multidisciplinary Sciences

High-entropy materials for catalysis: A new frontier

Yifan Sun et al.

Summary: Entropy plays a crucial role in catalysis, with a focus on understanding the relationship between entropy and reaction pathways. Recent advances in high-entropy materials have sparked interest in exploring entropy-stabilized systems for catalysis, offering opportunities for tailoring structures and properties. Tuning composition and configuration of HEMs introduces untapped opportunities for accessing better catalysts.

SCIENCE ADVANCES (2021)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Thermal Unequilibrium of PdSn Intermetallic Nanocatalysts: From In Situ Tailored Synthesis to Unexpected Hydrogenation Selectivity

Minda Chen et al.

Summary: A novel PdSn nanocatalyst exhibits exceptional selectivity towards C=O hydrogenation, attributed to the prevention of surface structure reversion. It shows over 96% selectivity towards C=O bonds in alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes, the highest among reported Pd-based catalysts.

ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION (2021)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Intermetallic FePt@PtBi Core-Shell Nanoparticles for Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysis

Jingyu Guan et al.

Summary: The development of platinum-based oxygen reduction reaction electrocatalysts with good resistance to poisoning is crucial for practical fuel cell applications. A surface-engineering approach using alloy PtBi shells to prepare nanostructured Pt alloys showed significantly improved ORR performance compared to benchmark Pt/C, with enhanced tolerance to methanol and carbon monoxide. The observed enhancement in performance is attributed to increased compressive strain and charge displacement via Pt-Bi bonding.

ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION (2021)

Review Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear

Non-precious metal electrocatalysts design for oxygen reduction reaction in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells: Recent advances, challenges and future perspectives

Maryam Kiani et al.

Summary: The development of non-precious nanomaterial-based electrocatalysts for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells is crucial for enhancing oxygen reduction reaction efficiency, stability, and cost-effectiveness. The use of fuel cells is favored due to their higher efficiency, cleanliness, and cost-effective power supply. Addressing the challenges in improving non-precious metal catalysts is essential for the future advancement of renewable energy technologies.

COORDINATION CHEMISTRY REVIEWS (2021)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Pt-Co@Pt Octahedral Nanocrystals: Enhancing Their Activity and Durability toward Oxygen Reduction with an Intermetallic Core and an Ultrathin Shell

Minghao Xie et al.

Summary: In this study, Pt-Co@Pt octahedral nanocrystals were successfully synthesized with an intermetallic Pt-Co core and an ultrathin Pt shell dominated by {111} facets on the surface. These nanocrystals showed significantly improved catalytic performance towards the oxygen reduction reaction compared to a commercial Pt/C catalyst, with a mass activity 13.4 times higher and a specific activity 29.5 times higher. Importantly, the mass activity of the nanocrystals only decreased by 21% after 30,000 cycles of accelerated durability testing, indicating their outstanding potential as catalysts for ORR and related reactions.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Subsize Pt-based intermetallic compound enables long-term cyclic mass activity for fuel-cell reduction

Han Cheng et al.

Summary: By breaking the size limitation in Pt alloy systems, subsize Pt-based intermetallic compounds can simultaneously optimize MA and durability. Furthermore, the subsize scale was found to enhance the stability of membrane electrodes, preventing catalyst poisoning by ionomers in humid fuel-cell conditions.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Construction of Pd-Zn dual sites to enhance the performance for ethanol electro-oxidation reaction

Yajun Qiu et al.

Summary: The construction of Pd-Zn dual sites significantly improves the efficiency of ethanol electro-oxidation, exceeding commercial Pd/C by approximately 24 times. Further computational studies reveal that Pd-Zn dual sites promote the adsorption of ethanol and hydroxide ion, optimizing the electro-oxidation pathway.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Size- and composition-controlled intermetallic nanocrystals via amalgamation seeded growth

Jasper Clarysse et al.

Summary: A colloidal synthesis method based on amalgamation of monometallic nanocrystal seeds with low-melting point metals is developed in this study, allowing for size- and composition-controlled intermetallic nanocrystals.

SCIENCE ADVANCES (2021)

Article Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

Selective electrocatalytic synthesis of urea with nitrate and carbon dioxide

Chade Lv et al.

Summary: This study presents a more sustainable approach to directly and selectively synthesize urea using an indium hydroxide catalyst under ambient conditions.

NATURE SUSTAINABILITY (2021)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Perspective on intermetallics towards efficient electrocatalytic water-splitting

Carsten Walter et al.

Summary: Intermetallic compounds show attractive electronic, physical, and chemical properties, making them ideal materials for electrocatalytic applications. However, their widespread use is often hindered by complex and energy-intensive processes, leading to larger particles and decreased surface areas. Alternative synthetic strategies are being explored to achieve high performance and stable electrode materials.

CHEMICAL SCIENCE (2021)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Sub-3 nm Intermetallic Ordered Pt3In Clusters for Oxygen Reduction Reaction

Qi Wang et al.

ADVANCED SCIENCE (2020)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

General Strategy for Synthesis of Ordered Pt3M Intermetallics with Ultrasmall Particle Size

Bentian Zhang et al.

ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION (2020)

Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Defect Engineering for Fuel-Cell Electrocatalysts

Wei Li et al.

ADVANCED MATERIALS (2020)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

A Novel Multinary Intermetallic as an Active Electrocatalyst for Hydrogen Evolution

Zhe Jia et al.

ADVANCED MATERIALS (2020)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Epitaxial Growth of a Gold Shell on Intermetallic FeRh Nanocrystals

Patrizio Benzo et al.

CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN (2020)

Article Chemistry, Physical

Bifunctional Electrocatalytic Activity of Ordered Intermetallics Based on Pd and Sn

Siniya Mondal et al.

JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY C (2020)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Direct Synthesis of Intermetallic Platinum-Alloy Nanoparticles Highly Loaded on Carbon Supports for Efficient Electrocatalysis

Tae Yong Yoo et al.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY (2020)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Single-atom Pt in intermetallics as an ultrastable and selective catalyst for propane dehydrogenation

Yuki Nakaya et al.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2020)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Intermetallic PtCu Nanoframes as Efficient Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysts

Ho Young Kim et al.

NANO LETTERS (2020)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Rare-earth-platinum alloy nanoparticles in mesoporous zeolite for catalysis

Ryong Ryoo et al.

NATURE (2020)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Bromide Ions Triggered Synthesis of Noble Metal-Based Intermetallic Nanocrystals

An-Liang Wang et al.

SMALL (2020)

Article Chemistry, Physical

Phase Engineering of Nanomaterials for Clean Energy and Catalytic Applications

Huangxu Li et al.

ADVANCED ENERGY MATERIALS (2020)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Anisotropic Strain Tuning of L10 Ternary Nanoparticles for Oxygen Reduction

Junrui Li et al.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY (2020)

Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

C2 Alcohol Oxidation Boosted by Trimetallic PtPbBi Hexagonal Nanoplates

Zhiqiang Zhu et al.

ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES (2020)

Article Chemistry, Physical

Compressed Intermetallic PdCu for Enhanced Electrocatalysis

Michelle M. Flores Espinosa et al.

ACS ENERGY LETTERS (2020)

Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Random alloy and intermetallic nanocatalysts in fuel cell reactions

Junming Zhang et al.

NANOSCALE (2020)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Achieving Highly Durable Random Alloy Nanocatalysts through Intermetallic Cores

Jocelyn T. L. Gamler et al.

ACS NANO (2019)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Golden Palladium Zinc Ordered Intermetallics as Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysts

Yao Yang et al.

ACS NANO (2019)

Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Intermetallic Nanoparticles: Synthetic Control and Their Enhanced Electrocatalysis

Junrui Li et al.

ACCOUNTS OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH (2019)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Structurally Ordered Low-Pt Intermetallic Electrocatalysts toward Durably High Oxygen Reduction Reaction Activity

Zhongxiang Wang et al.

ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS (2019)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Ternary CoPtAu Nanoparticles as a General Catalyst for Highly Efficient Electro-oxidation of Liquid Fuels

Junrui Li et al.

ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION (2019)

Review Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

High-entropy alloys

Easo P. George et al.

NATURE REVIEWS MATERIALS (2019)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Trimetallic Synergy in Intermetallic PtSnBi Nanoplates Boosts Formic Acid Oxidation

Shuiping Luo et al.

ADVANCED MATERIALS (2019)

Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Synthetically Tuned Pd-Based Intermetallic Compounds and their Structural Influence on the O2 Dissociation in Benzylamine Oxidation

Vijaykumar S. Marakatti et al.

ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES (2019)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Tungsten-Doped L10-PtCo Ultrasmall Nanoparticles as a High-Performance Fuel Cell Cathode

Jiashun Liang et al.

ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION (2019)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Tuning Surface Structure of Pd3Pb/PtnPb Nanocrystals for Boosting the Methanol Oxidation Reaction

Xingqiao Wu et al.

ADVANCED SCIENCE (2019)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Fully Tensile Strained Pd3Pb/Pd Tetragonal Nanosheets Enhance Oxygen Reduction Catalysis

Chongyang Tang et al.

NANO LETTERS (2019)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Revealing the atomic ordering of binary intermetallics using in situ heating techniques at multilength scales

Yin Xiong et al.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2019)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Engineering the Electronic Structure of Submonolayer Pt on Intermetallic Pd3Pb via Charge Transfer Boosts the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction

Yancai Yao et al.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY (2019)

Review Chemistry, Physical

Electrochemical Energy Conversion on Intermetallic Compounds: A Review

Leonard Roessner et al.

ACS CATALYSIS (2019)

Article Chemistry, Physical

Hard-Magnet L10-CoPt Nanoparticles Advance Fuel Cell Catalysis

Junrui Li et al.

JOULE (2019)

Article Chemistry, Physical

Tunable synthesis of multiply twinned intermetallic Pd3Pb nanowire networks toward efficient N2 to NH3 conversion

Jingchun Guo et al.

JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY A (2019)

Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Building Random Alloy Surfaces from Intermetallic Seeds: A General Route to Strain-Engineered Electrocatalysts with High Durability

Jocelyn T. L. Gamler et al.

ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS (2019)

Review Chemistry, Physical

Challenges and prospects in the catalysis of electroreduction of nitrogen to ammonia

Bryan H. R. Suryanto et al.

NATURE CATALYSIS (2019)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Strain Engineering to Enhance the Electrooxidation Performance of Atomic-Layer Pt on Intermetallic Pt3Ga

Quanchen Feng et al.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY (2018)

Article Chemistry, Physical

Concavity Tuning of Intermetallic Pd-Pb Nanocubes for Selective Semihydrogenation Catalysis

Junbo Zhang et al.

CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS (2018)

Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

L12 Atomic Ordered Substrate Enhanced Pt-Skin Cu3Pt Catalyst for Efficient Oxygen Reduction Reaction

Na Cheng et al.

ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES (2018)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Electroreduction of Carbon Dioxide to Hydrocarbons Using Bimetallic Cu-Pd Catalysts with Different Mixing Patterns

Sichao Ma et al.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY (2017)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Synthesis of Pt3Y and Other Early-Late Intermetallic Nanoparticles by Way of a Molten Reducing Agent

Jacob S. Kanady et al.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY (2017)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Isolated Single-Atom Pd Sites in Intermetallic Nanostructures: High Catalytic Selectivity for Semihydrogenation of Alkynes

Quanchen Feng et al.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY (2017)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Ag-Sn Bimetallic Catalyst with a Core-Shell Structure for CO2 Reduction

Wesley Luc et al.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY (2017)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

PtPb/PtNi Intermetallic Core/Atomic Layer Shell Octahedra for Efficient Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysis

Lingzheng Bu et al.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY (2017)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Electrochemical Activation of CO2 through Atomic Ordering Transformations of AuCu Nanoparticles

Dohyung Kim et al.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY (2017)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Sub-4 nm PtZn Intermetallic Nanoparticles for Enhanced Mass and Specific Activities in Catalytic Electrooxidation Reaction

Zhiyuan Qi et al.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY (2017)

Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Intermetallic Nanocrystals: Syntheses and Catalytic Applications

Yucong Yan et al.

ADVANCED MATERIALS (2017)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Ordered PdCu-Based Nanoparticles as Bifunctional Oxygen-Reduction and Ethanol-Oxidation Electrocatalysts

Kezhu Jiang et al.

ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION (2016)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Tuning the activity of Pt alloy electrocatalysts by means of the lanthanide contraction

Maria Escudero-Escribano et al.

SCIENCE (2016)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Biaxially strained PtPb/Pt core/shell nanoplate boosts oxygen reduction catalysis

Lingzheng Bu et al.

SCIENCE (2016)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Surface engineering of hierarchical platinum-cobalt nanowires for efficient electrocatalysis

Lingzheng Bu et al.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2016)

Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Beneficial Role of Copper in the Enhancement of Durability of Ordered Intermetallic PtFeCu Catalyst for Electrocatalytic Oxygen Reduction

Balamurugan Arumugam et al.

ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES (2015)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

One-Step, Facile and Ultrafast Synthesis of Phase- and Size-Controlled Pt-Bi Intermetallic Nanocatalysts through Continuous-Flow Microfluidics

Dongtang Zhang et al.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY (2015)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Efficient Removal of Organic Ligands from Supported Nanocrystals by Fast Thermal Annealing Enables Catalytic Studies on Well-Defined Active Phases

Matteo Cargnello et al.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY (2015)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Highly Durable and Active PtFe Nanocatalyst for Electrochemical Oxygen Reduction Reaction

Dong Young Chung et al.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY (2015)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Size and Aspect Ratio Control of Pd2Sn Nanorods and Their Water Denitration Properties

ZhiShan Luo et al.

LANGMUIR (2015)

Review Chemistry, Physical

Removal and Utilization of Capping Agents in Nanocatalysis

Zhiqiang Niu et al.

CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS (2014)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Synthesis of Structurally Ordered Pt3Ti and Pt3V Nanoparticles as Methanol Oxidation Catalysts

Zhiming Cui et al.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY (2014)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Pt Skin on AuCu Intermetallic Substrate: A Strategy to Maximize Pt Utilization for Fuel Cells

Gongwei Wang et al.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY (2014)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Tuning Nanoparticle Structure and Surface Strain for Catalysis Optimization

Sen Zhang et al.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY (2014)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Synthesis and electrocatalytic properties of PtBi nanoplatelets and PdBi nanowires

Hanbin Liao et al.

NANOSCALE (2014)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Gold-promoted structurally ordered intermetallic palladium cobalt nanoparticles for the oxygen reduction reaction

Kurian A. Kuttiyiel et al.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2014)

Article Chemistry, Physical

AuCu intermetallic nanoparticles: surfactant-free synthesis and novel electrochemistry

Gongwei Wang et al.

JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY (2012)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

A Surfactant-Free Strategy for Synthesizing, and Processing Intermetallic Platinum-Based Nanoparticle Catalysts

Hao Chen et al.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY (2012)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Structure-Induced Enhancement in Electrooxidation of Trimetallic FePtAu Nanoparticles

Sen Zhang et al.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY (2012)

Review Multidisciplinary Sciences

Electrocatalyst approaches and challenges for automotive fuel cells

Mark K. Debe

NATURE (2012)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

A Seed-Based Diffusion Route to Monodisperse Intermetallic CuAu Nanocrystals

Wei Chen et al.

ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION (2010)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Structurally Ordered FePt Nanoparticles and Their Enhanced Catalysis for Oxygen Reduction Reaction

Jaemin Kim et al.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY (2010)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Nanocrystalline intermetallics on mesoporous carbon for direct formic acid fuel cell anodes

Xiulei Ji et al.

NATURE CHEMISTRY (2010)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Adsorbate-Induced Surface Segregation for Core-Shell Nanocatalysts

Karl J. J. Mayrhofer et al.

ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION (2009)

Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Palladium-Based Electrocatalysts for Alcohol Oxidation in Half Cells and in Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells

Claudio Bianchini et al.

CHEMICAL REVIEWS (2009)

Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Palladium in fuel cell catalysis

Ermete Antolini

ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE (2009)

Article Chemistry, Physical

Size and shape effects on the order-disorder phase transition in CoPt nanoparticles

D. Alloyeau et al.

NATURE MATERIALS (2009)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Low-temperature solution synthesis of the non-equilibrium ordered intermetallic compounds Au3Fe, Au3Co, and Au3Ni as nanocrystals

Yolanda Vasquez et al.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY (2008)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Enhanced chemical ordering and coercivity in FePt alloy nanoparticles by Sb-doping

QY Yan et al.

ADVANCED MATERIALS (2005)

Article Chemistry, Physical

Synthesis of monodispersed fcc and fct FePt/FePd nanoparticles by microwave irradiation

HL Nguyen et al.

JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY (2005)