Vortex nucleation in rotating Bose-Einstein condensates with density-dependent gauge potential

We study numerically the vortex dynamics , vortex-lattice formation in a rotating density-dependent Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC), characterized by the presence of nonlinear rotation. By varying the strength of nonlinear rotation in density-dependent BECs, we calculate the critical frequency, S2cr, for vortex nucleation both in adiabatic and sudden external trap rotations. The nonlinear rotation modifies the extent of deformation experienced by the BEC due to the trap and shifts the S2cr values for vortex nucleation. The critical frequencies , thereby the transition to vortex-lattices in an adiabatic rotation ramp, depend on conventional s-wave scat-tering lengths through the strength of nonlinear rotation, C, such that S2cr(C > 0) < S2cr(C = 0) < S2cr(C < 0). In an analogous manner, the critical ellipticity (ecr) for vortex nucleation during an adiabatic introduction of trap ellipticity (e) depends on the nature of nonlinear rotation besides trap rotation frequency. The nonlinear rotation additionally affects the vortex-vortex interactions and the motion of the vortices through the condensate by altering the strength of Magnus force on them. The combined result of these nonlinear effects is the formation of the non-Abrikosov vortex-lattices and ring-vortex arrangements in the density-dependent BECs.

Automated summary

We numerically study the formation of vortex-lattices and the dynamics of vortices in a rotating density-dependent Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) with nonlinear rotation. By varying the strength of nonlinear rotation, we determine the critical frequencies for vortex nucleation during adiabatic and sudden external trap rotations. The nonlinear rotation affects the deformation experienced by the BEC and alters the critical frequencies for vortex nucleation. Additionally, the nonlinear rotation modifies the vortex-vortex interactions and the motion of vortices by changing the strength of the Magnus force. These nonlinear effects result in the formation of non-Abrikosov vortex-lattices and ring-vortex arrangements in density-dependent BECs.