PYGL-mediated glucose metabolism reprogramming promotes EMT phenotype and metastasis of pancreatic cancer

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is closely associated with tumor invasion and metastasis. However, key regulators of EMT in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) need to be further studied. Bioinformatics analyses of pancreatic cancer public datasets showed that glycogen phosphorylase L (PYGL) expression is elevated in quasimesenchymal PDAC (QM-PDAC) and positively associated with EMT. In vitro cellular experiments further confirm PYGL as a crucial EMT regulator in PDAC cells. Functionally, PYGL overexpression promotes cell migration and invasion in vitro and facilitates liver metastasis in vivo, while PYGL knockdown has opposite effects. Mechanically, hypoxia induces PYGL expression in a hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF1 alpha)-dependent manner and promotes glycogen accumulation. Elevated PYGL mobilizes accumulated glycogen to fuel glycolysis via its activity as a glycogen phosphorylase, thus inducing the EMT process, which could be suppressed by the glycolysis inhibitor 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG). Clinically, PYGL expression is upregulated in PDAC and correlates with its malignant features and poor prognosis. Collectively, the data from our study reveal that the hypoxia/PYGL/glycolysis-induced EMT promotes PDAC metastasis, which establishes the rational for targeting hypoxia/PYGL/glycolysis/EMT signaling pathway against PDAC.

Automated summary

Bioinformatics analyses identified glycogen phosphorylase L (PYGL) as a key regulator of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). PYGL overexpression promotes PDAC cell migration and invasion, while PYGL knockdown has opposite effects. Hypoxia induces PYGL expression in a HIF1 alpha-dependent manner and regulates glycogen accumulation to fuel glycolysis, thereby inducing the EMT process. Clinically, elevated PYGL expression is associated with poor prognosis in PDAC patients.