Related references
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Letter
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Perumal A. Desingu et al.
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Summary: Research has shown that the Omicron lineage BA.1 has been outpaced by a new Omicron lineage, BA.2, which is more transmissible. Immunity induced by COVID vaccines does not effectively protect against BA.2, similar to BA.1, and BA.2 has notable antigenic differences from BA.1. BA.2 spike shows higher replication efficacy and cell fusion capability compared to BA.1 spike. Infection experiments on hamsters indicate that BA.2 spike-bearing virus is more pathogenic than BA.1 spike-bearing virus. Overall, these findings suggest that the risk of BA.2 to global health is potentially higher than that of BA.1.
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Summary: This study compared the neutralization efficacy of vaccine-induced or monoclonal antibodies against different sub-lineages of the Omicron variant. The results showed that current vaccines have low neutralization activity, but both homologous and heterologous boosters significantly improved neutralization titers. The study also found that most monoclonal antibodies lost their neutralizing activity, while some demonstrated distinct neutralization patterns among Omicron sub-lineages, indicating antigenic differences.
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Summary: Omicron sublineages BA.2.12.1, BA.4 and BA.5 have higher transmissibility and increased evasion of neutralizing antibodies compared to the BA.2 lineage. They exhibit similar binding affinities to the ACE2 receptor as BA.2. BA.1 infection after vaccination boosts humoral immune memory against wild-type SARS-CoV-2, but these antibodies are largely evaded by BA.2 and BA.4/BA.5 variants.
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Summary: The genomic characterization of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron lineages BA.4 and BA.5, responsible for the fifth wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa, reveals their continued viral diversification and sheds light on the potential mechanisms that allow these new lineages to outcompete their predecessors. These new lineages, BA.4 and BA.5, share identical spike proteins with BA.2 but have certain differences such as the presence of the 69-70 deletion, L452R, F486V, and the wild-type amino acid at Q493. They can be identified by the S-gene target failure, a proxy marker associated with the 69-70 deletion. BA.4 and BA.5 have rapidly replaced BA.2 and have become the dominant lineages in South Africa.
Letter
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Summary: A small study found that omicron subvariants BA.2.12.1, BA.4, and BA.5 of SARS-CoV-2 were more likely to evade neutralizing antibodies induced by both vaccination and previous infection compared to the prior omicron subvariants BA.1 and BA.2.
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Summary: This study found that sera from individuals vaccinated with three doses of BNT162b2 have lower neutralization efficacy against Omicron BA.1, BA.2, and BA.3 compared to the original strain USAWA1/2020. The results have implications for vaccine strategy and understanding the biology of Omicron sublineages.
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Multidisciplinary Sciences
Ewen Callaway
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Immunology
Carl Graham et al.
Summary: The interaction between the SARS-CoV-2 Spike receptor binding domain (RBD) and the host cell receptor ACE2 is crucial for viral entry, with RBD being the main target for neutralizing antibodies. Mutations in RBD, N-terminal domain (NTD), and S2 subunits of Spike have been found in circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants. This study isolates and characterizes monoclonal antibodies targeting different epitopes on RBD, NTD, and S2 to understand how these mutations affect antigenicity and neutralization resistance.
