Construction of intelligent moving micro/nanomotors and their applications in biosensing and disease treatment

Micro/nanomotors are containers that pass through liquid media and carry cargo. Because they are tiny, micro/nanomotors exhibit excellent potential for biosensing and disease treatment applications. However, their size also makes overcoming random Brownian forces very challenging for micro/nanomotors moving on targets. Additionally, to achieve desired practical applications, the expensive materials, short lifetimes, poor biocompatibility, complex preparation methods, and side effects of micro/nanomotors must be addressed, and potential adverse effects must be evaluated both in vivo and in practical applications. This has led to the continuous development of key materials for driving micro/nanomotors. In this work, we review the working principles of micro/nanomotors. Metallic and nonmetallic nanocomplexes, enzymes, and living cells are explored as key materials for driving micro/nanomotors. We also consider the effects of exogenous stimulations and endogenous substance conditions on micro/nanomotor motions. The discussion focuses on micro/nanomotor applications in biosensing, treating cancer and gynecological diseases, and assisted fertilization. By addressing micro/nanomotor shortcomings, we propose directions for further developing and applying micro/nanomotors.

Automated summary

Micro/nanomotors are tiny containers that can move in liquid media and carry cargo. They have great potential for biosensing and disease treatment applications, but their small size makes it challenging to overcome random Brownian forces when moving on targets. Additionally, addressing the issues of expensive materials, short lifetimes, poor biocompatibility, complex preparation methods, and potential adverse effects is crucial for practical applications. This review discusses the working principles of micro/nanomotors, explores key materials for driving them, and considers their applications in biosensing, cancer treatment, gynecological diseases, and assisted fertilization.