Dual-emissive persistent luminescent phosphors for multi-mode anti-counterfeiting and ratiometric luminescent aptasensors

Persistent luminescent phosphors (PLPs) have attracted much attention in anti-counterfeiting, biosensing and bioimaging due to their characteristic properties of emitting long persistent luminescence (PersL) after excitation ceases. However, most of the PLPs developed so far have only one PersL emission peak, which limits their application in advanced anti-counterfeiting and precise biosensing. Here, a series of dual-emissive Zn2GeO4:x% Tb3+/y% Bi3+ PLPs was prepared by codoping Tb3+ ions and Bi3+ ions to significantly improve the trap depth and trap density, resulting in a 16.8-fold increase in PersL intensity compared to the Zn2GeO4 host. The photoluminescence (PL) color was adjusted to pale blue under 254 nm UV excitation by trap depth engineering, while the PersL color was green, and the PL color under 365 nm UV excitation was yellow. In addition, the PersL intensity was dramatically increased by 16.8 times by co-doping Tb3+ and Bi3+. Therefore, multi-mode anti-counterfeiting was achieved by multi-stimulus response. Furthermore, the dual-emission band was designed as a ratiometric PersL aptasensor for the detection of mucin 1. The detection linearity ranged from 0.1 to 100 ng mL(-1) with a detection limit of 0.036 to 1 ng mL(-1). This novel PLP with a dual-emission band expands the application range of PLPs.

Automated summary

In this study, a series of dual-emissive phosphors were prepared by doping Tb3+ and Bi3+ ions, resulting in a significant increase in the long persistent luminescence intensity compared to the host material Zn2GeO4. The photoluminescence color was adjusted by trap depth engineering, while the persistent luminescence color remained green, and the photoluminescence color under 365 nm UV excitation turned yellow. The dual-emission phosphors were successfully applied in multi-stimulus anti-counterfeiting and the detection of mucin 1 with a wide linear range and low detection limit.