Probing molecular interactions of semiquinone radicals at quinone reduction sites of cytochrome bc(1) by X-band HYSCORE EPR spectroscopy and quantum mechanical calculations

Quinone redox reactions involve a semiquinone (SQ) intermediate state. The catalytic sites in enzymes stabilize the SQ state via various molecular interactions, such as hydrogen bonding to oxygens of the two carbonyls of the benzoquinone ring. To understand how these interactions contribute to SQ stabilization, we examined SQ in the quinone reduction site (Q(i)) of cytochrome bc(1) using electron paramagnetic resonance (ESEEM, HYSCORE) at the X-band and quantum mechanical (QM) calculations. We compared native enzyme (WT) with a H217R mutant (replacement of histidine that interacts with one carbonyl of the occupant of Q(i) to arginine) in which the SQ stability has previously been shown to markedly increase. The N-14 region of the HYSCORE 2D spectrum for SQ(i) in WT had a shape typical of histidine residue, while in H217R, the spectrum shape changed significantly and appeared similar to the pattern described for SQ liganded natively by arginine in cytochrome bo(3). Parametrization of hyperfine and quadrupolar interactions of SQ(i) with surrounding magnetic nuclei (H-1, N-14) allowed us to assign specific nitrogens of H217 or R217 as ligands of SQ(i) in WT and H217R, respectively. This was further substantiated by qualitative agreement between the experimental (EPR-derived) and theoretical (QM-derived) parameters. The proton (H-1) region of the HYSCORE spectrum in both WT and H217R was very similar and indicative of interactions with two protons, which in view of the QM calculations, were identified as directly involved in the formation of a H-bond with the two carbonyl oxygens of SQ (interaction of H217 or R217 with O4 and D252 with O1). In view of these assignments, we explain how different SQ ligands effectively influence SQ stability. We also propose that the characteristic X-band HYSCORE pattern and parameters of H217R are highly specific to the interaction of SQ with the nitrogen of arginine. These features can thus be considered as potential markers of the interaction of arginine with SQ in other proteins.

Automated summary

Quinone redox reactions involve the stabilization of a semiquinone intermediate state through hydrogen bonding interactions. This study used electron paramagnetic resonance and quantum mechanical calculations to investigate the role of specific amino acids in stabilizing the semiquinone state. The results demonstrate that a mutation in the enzyme can significantly enhance the stability of the semiquinone and that certain spectroscopic features can serve as potential markers for specific amino acid interactions with the semiquinone.