Paper-based upconversion fluorescence resonance energy transfer biosensor for sensitive detection of multiple cancer biomarkers

A paper-based upconversion fluorescence resonance energy transfer assay device is proposed for sensitive detection of CEA. The device is fabricated on a normal filter paper with simple nanoprinting method. Upconversion nanoparticles tagged with specific antibodies are printed to the test zones on the test paper, followed by the introduction of assay antigen. Upconversion fluorescence measurements are directly conducted on the test zones after the antigen-to-antibody reactions. Furthermore, a multi-channel test paper for simultaneous detection of multiple cancer biomarkers was established by the same method and obtained positive results. The device showed high anti-interfere, stability, reproducible and low detection limit (0.89 ng/mL), moreover it is very easy to fabricate and operate, which is a promising prospect for a clinical point-of-care test.