Effects of dietary zinc/copper ratios on the metabolism of zinc and copper in weaned pigs

Lay Summary Zinc oxide and copper sulfate are commonly used as growth promoters and alternatives to antibiotics to prevent diarrhea in weaned piglets but their use in post-weaning pigs diets has been challenged due to environmental issues and concerns related to bacterial resistance to antibiotics and heavy metals. Recently, it was reported that high dietary zinc levels interfere with copper status and may be detrimental to post-weaning piglets' health. In fact, the optimal dietary zinc/copper ratios need to be determined. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of different dietary zinc/copper ratios (3,000/130, 3,000/6, 100/130, and 100/6 mg/kg) on zinc and copper metabolism in weaned piglets. This study demonstrated that high dietary zinc/copper ratios impaired zinc and copper homeostasis but also that 100 mg/kg of dietary zinc and 6 mg/kg of dietary copper are apparently not sufficient to fulfill the piglets' requirements during the first weeks post-weaning. Optimal dietary zinc/copper ratios in diets for post-weaning piglets are necessary not only to address environmental and public health (antibiotic resistance) issues but also to improve piglets' health. This study shows the disturbed homeostasis of zinc and copper metabolism in post-weaning piglets fed high dietary zinc/copper ratios and suggests that current official recommendations for zinc and copper to post-weaning piglets do not fulfill their requirements. This study compared the effects of different dietary zinc/copper ratios on zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) metabolism in weaned pigs. One hundred and sixty piglets (7.81 & PLUSMN; 0.25 kg; 21 d of age) were used in a completely randomized 2 x 2 factorial design composed with high (H) and low (L) levels of added dietary Zn (100 and 3,000 mg/kg) and dietary Cu (6 and 130 mg/kg). Piglets were slaughtered at 21, 28, 35, and 42 d of age for blood and tissues collection. Serum, jejunum mucosa, liver, and kidney concentrations of Zn and Cu were analyzed as well as tissues mRNA abundance of genes related to their metabolism. Serum and liver Zn concentrations increased at days 28, 35, and 42 in HZn groups compared to pre-treatment levels (day 21; P & LE; 0.01) but for LZn animals, values decreased at days 28, 35, and 42 in liver (P & LE; 0.01) but remained stable vs. day 21 levels in serum (P & GE; 0.37). Serum, jejunum mucosa, liver, and kidney Zn concentrations were greater in HZn groups from day 28 (P & LE; 0.01). In jejunum mucosa, the mRNA expression of ZIP4 was lower in HZn piglets at day 28 (P & LE; 0.01) and at day 42 whereas HCu supplementation increased ZIP4 expression in LZn but not in HZn diets (P = 0.05). For ZNT1, MT3, and MT1, values of relative mRNA expression were greater for HZn animals in jejunum mucosa, liver, and kidney (P & LE; 0.01) from day 28. In kidney (P < 0.01) at day 42, HZn supplementation increased MTs expression in both LCu or HCu groups. Serum and liver Cu concentrations decreased at days 35 and 42 in all treatments compared to day 21 (P & LE; 0.04), except LZnHCu in liver that was not different from day 21 (P & GE; 0.17). Serum Cu concentrations were lower in HZn and greater in HCu groups at days 35 and 42 (P & LE; 0.01) whereas hepatic Cu was reduced by HZn diets in both LCu and HCu groups at days 35 and 42 (P & LE; 0.01). Jejunum Cu concentrations were increased by HCu diets in HZn but not in LZn groups at days 28 and 42 (P & LE; 0.04). Renal Cu concentrations were greater in HZn groups at day 28 (P < 0.01) whereas at day 42 HZn diets increased Cu values in both LCu and HCu groups (P & LE; 0.01). The expression of ATP7A in kidney at day 42 was greater for HZn groups (P = 0.02). In conclusion, high dietary Zn levels were not efficiently regulated by homeostatic mechanisms and significantly impaired Cu homeostasis. Low dietary Zn/Cu ratios allow a more efficient regulation of the metabolism of these trace minerals in post-weaning piglets. The current official recommendations for Zn and Cu to post-weaning piglets apparently do not fulfill their requirements.

Automated summary

High dietary zinc/copper ratios impair zinc and copper homeostasis in weaned piglets. Current official recommendations for zinc and copper do not fulfill the requirements of post-weaning piglets.