Journal
ONCOTARGET
Volume 8, Issue 3, Pages 3933-3945Publisher
IMPACT JOURNALS LLC
DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13907
Keywords
tumor microenvironment; therapeutic resistance; myeloid cells; cancer-associated fibroblasts; mesenchymal stem cells
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Funding
- National Research Foundation of Korea - Ministry of Science, ICT & Future Planning [2014R1A1A1A05002112]
- Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP)
- Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy (MOTIE) of the Republic of Korea [20131610101840]
- Korea Evaluation Institute of Industrial Technology (KEIT) [20131610101840] Funding Source: Korea Institute of Science & Technology Information (KISTI), National Science & Technology Information Service (NTIS)
- National Research Foundation of Korea [2014R1A1A1A05002112] Funding Source: Korea Institute of Science & Technology Information (KISTI), National Science & Technology Information Service (NTIS)
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Cancer cells undergo unlimited progression and survival owing to activation of oncogenes. However, support of the tumor microenvironment is essential to the formation of clinically relevant tumors. Recent evidence indicates that the tumor microenvironment is a critical regulator of immune escape, progression, and distant metastasis of cancer. Moreover, the tumor microenvironment is known to be involved in acquired resistance of tumors to various therapies. Despite significant advances in chemotherapy and radiotherapy, occurrence of therapeutic resistance leads to reduced efficacy. This review highlights myeloid cells, cancer- associated fibroblasts, and mesenchymal stem cells consisting of the tumor microenvironment, as well as the relevant signaling pathways that eventually render cancer cells to be therapeutically resistant.
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