Journal
ADVANCED ENERGY MATERIALS
Volume 6, Issue 18, Pages -Publisher
WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH
DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201600699
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Funding
- ONR [N00014-14-1-0531, N00014-15-1-2322]
- Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, of the US Department of Energy [DE-AC02-05CH11231]
- State of North Carolina
- National Science Foundation
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While the extremes in organic photovoltaic bulk heterojunction morphology (finely mixed or large pure domains) are easily understood and known to be unfavorable, efficient devices often exhibit a complex multi-length scale, multi-phase morphology. The impact of such multiple length scales and their respective purities and volume fractions on device performance remains unclear. Here, the average spatial composition variations, i.e., volume-average purities, are quantified at multiple size scales to elucidate their effect on charge creation and recombination in a complex, multi-length scale polymer: fullerene system (PBDTTPD:PC71BM). The apparent domain size as observed in TEM is not a causative parameter. Instead, a linear relationship is found between average purity at length scales <50 nm and device fill-factor. Our findings show that a high volume fraction of pure phases at the smallest length scales is required in multi-length scale systems to aid charge creation and diminish recombination in polymer: fullerene solar cells.
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