Journal
ACS CATALYSIS
Volume 6, Issue 10, Pages 6868-6882Publisher
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b01987
Keywords
C-H carbonylation; palladium catalysis; gamma-lactam; amino acid; 2-pyridylsulfonyl; aliphatic amine; peptide
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Funding
- Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (MINECO) [CTQ2012-35790]
- MINECO/FEDER, UE [CTQ2015-66954-P]
- Gobierno Vasco
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The selective gamma-C(sp(3))-H carbonylation of N-(2-pyridyl)sulfonyl (N-SO2Py)-protected amines has been accomplished by using palladium catalysis and Mo(CO)(6) as carbonyl source. The reaction provides a powerful approach for derivatization of amine-based moieties, including amino acids, into richly functionalized gamma-lactams. Not only methyl groups, but also methylene C-H bonds of cyclopropanes and conformationally biased molecules can be activated to provide ring-fused gamma-lactam derivatives. This carbonylation protocol is also amenable to the late-stage diversification of more-complex multifunctional molecules such as dipeptides and tripeptides, demonstrating the key role of the N-SO2Py as directing group and its capacity to override other inherent substrate coordinating elements. In addition to providing an attractive solution to the difficulties in handling hazardous CO gas, the use of Mo(CO)(6) as an air-stable solid source of CO in substoichiometric amount (0.33 equiv) ensures Pd-II-catalytic activity by preventing its decomposition or deactivation under excess of CO via reduction of Pd-II to Pd-0 or saturation of the metal coordination sphere. Indeed, significantly lower efficiency is observed when the reactions are carried out under CO atmosphere (1 atm), or in the presence of increased amounts of Mo(CO)(6). A series of experimental and DFT mechanistic studies provide important insights about the reaction mechanism.
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