Journal
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
Volume 7, Issue -, Pages -Publisher
NATURE PORTFOLIO
DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10507
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Funding
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services (NIAID, NIH, DHHS) [N01-AI30071, HHSN272200900007C, HHSN266200400001C, 5R01GM77117-5]
- NIH-NIAID [HHSN266200400039C, HHSN272200900039C]
- Australian Research Council [DP120100240]
- Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion of Spain [BFU2007-6292, BFU2010-15484, BIO2009-07990, BIO2012-37926]
- NIH [1R01AI090062, 1R21AI096268, HHSN272200900040C, R01AI017828, R01AI043006]
- NSF [IOS-0949194]
- Xunta de Galicia of Spain [10PXIB918057PR]
- EU FP7 ANTIGONE [278976]
- USDA-NRI/CREES [2008-35302-18820]
- Texas AgriLife Research Vector Biology grant
- European Research Council Starting Independent Researcher Grant [205202]
- NIAID
- Marie Curie International Outgoing Fellowship [PIOF-GA-2011-303312]
- Swiss National Science Foundation [31003A-125350, 31003A-143936]
- NIH-NCATS award [TL1 TR000162]
- NSF
- Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia, Portugal fellowship [SFRH/BD/22360/2005]
- Lundbeck Foundation (Denmark)
- Broad Genomics Platform
- [BFU2011-23896]
- Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF) [31003A-125350] Funding Source: Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF)
- Lundbeck Foundation [R83-2011-7610] Funding Source: researchfish
- Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia [SFRH/BD/22360/2005] Funding Source: FCT
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Ticks transmit more pathogens to humans and animals than any other arthropod. We describe the 2.1 Gbp nuclear genome of the tick, Ixodes scapularis (Say), which vectors pathogens that cause Lyme disease, human granulocytic anaplasmosis, babesiosis and other diseases. The large genome reflects accumulation of repetitive DNA, new lineages of retro-transposons, and gene architecture patterns resembling ancient metazoans rather than pancrustaceans. Annotation of scaffolds representing similar to 57% of the genome, reveals 20,486 protein-coding genes and expansions of gene families associated with tick-host interactions. We report insights from genome analyses into parasitic processes unique to ticks, including host 'questing', prolonged feeding, cuticle synthesis, blood meal concentration, novel methods of haemoglobin digestion, haem detoxification, vitellogenesis and prolonged off-host survival. We identify proteins associated with the agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis, an emerging disease, and the encephalitis-causing Langat virus, and a population structure correlated to life-history traits and transmission of the Lyme disease agent.
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