Journal
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
Volume 7, Issue -, Pages -Publisher
NATURE PORTFOLIO
DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13137
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Funding
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) [CRC990]
- Swedish research council FORMAS
- DFG, German Excellence Initiative Free Floater Programme at Univ. Gottingen
- DFG [KL895/17]
- Indonesian Directorate General of Higher Education Post-graduate Scholarship
- DGHE, Ministry of National Education of the Republic of Indonesia
- Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) [142/IT3.41.2/L2/SPK2013]
- Swiss Government Excellence Scholarship
- Gottingen University
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Smallholder-dominated agricultural mosaic landscapes are highlighted as model production systems that deliver both economic and ecological goods in tropical agricultural landscapes, but trade-offs underlying current land-use dynamics are poorly known. Here, using the most comprehensive quantification of land-use change and associated bundles of ecosystem functions, services and economic benefits to date, we show that Indonesian smallholders predominantly choose farm portfolios with high economic productivity but low ecological value. The more profitable oil palm and rubber monocultures replace forests and agroforests critical for maintaining above-and below-ground ecological functions and the diversity of most taxa. Between the monocultures, the higher economic performance of oil palm over rubber comes with the reliance on fertilizer inputs and with increased nutrient leaching losses. Strategies to achieve an ecological-economic balance and a sustainable management of tropical smallholder landscapes must be prioritized to avoid further environmental degradation.
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