Unprotected and interconnected Ru-0 nano-chain networks: advantages of unprotected surfaces in catalysis and electrocatalysis

Seedless, surfactantless and support-free unprotected, metallic, interconnected nano-chain networks of ruthenium nanoparticles (NPs) were successfully synthesized via the reduction of ruthenium(III) chloride (RuCl3) with sodium borohydride (NaBH4) at three different temperatures, viz. 30 degrees C, 45 degrees C and 60 degrees C. The molar ratio of RuCl3 solution and borohydride was optimized to be 1 : 1.5 to produce stable colloids with the optimum final solution pH of 9.7 +/- 0.2. Average diameters of the interconnected nano-chain networks prepared at 30 degrees C (Ru-30), 45 degrees C (Ru-45) and 60 degrees C (Ru-60) were 3.5 + 0.5 nm, 3.0 + 0.2 nm and 2.6 +/- 0.2 nm respectively. The morphology and composition dependent catalytic and electrocatalytic activities of these unprotected Ru nano-chain networks (Ru-30, Ru-45 and Ru-60) were studied in detail. The catalysis study was performed by investigating the transfer hydrogenation of several substituted aromatic nitro compounds. It was observed that Ru-60 was relatively more active compared to Ru-30 and Ru-45, which was reflected in their rate constant values. The electrocatalytic activities of Ru-30, Ru-45 and Ru-60 were screened for anodic water splitting in alkaline medium (0.1 M NaOH) and it was found that all of them showed almost the same activity which required an over-voltage of 308 +/- 2 mV to obtain an anodic current density of 10 mA cm(-2). The catalytic and electrocatalytic performances of these unprotected Ru0 networks were compared with Ru0 nanomaterials prepared under similar conditions with three different surfactants, viz. CTAB, SDS and TX-100, which revealed that unprotected Ru-0 networks are better catalysts than those stabilized with surfactants. The superior catalytic and electrocatalytic performance is due to the availability of unprotected Ru0 surfaces. The present route may provide a new possibility of synthesizing other surfactant-free, unprotected metal colloids for enhanced catalytic and electrocatalytic applications.