Journal
ZOOLOGICAL SCIENCE
Volume 33, Issue 3, Pages 229-238Publisher
ZOOLOGICAL SOC JAPAN
DOI: 10.2108/zs150187
Keywords
agnathans; cranium; cyclostomes; embryo; evolution; hagfish
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Funding
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)
- Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan
- MOST from the Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan [102-2311-B-001-012-MY3]
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Our knowledge of vertebrate cranium evolution has relied largely on the study of gnathostomes. Recent evolutionary and developmental studies of cyclostomes have shed new light on the history of the vertebrate skull. The recent ability to obtain embryos of the hagfish, Eptatretus burgeri, has enabled new studies which have suggested an embryonic morphological pattern (the cyclostome pattern) of craniofacial development. This pattern is shared by cyclostomes, but not by modern jawed vertebrates. Because this pattern of embryonic head development is thought to be present in some stem gnathostomes (ostracoderms), it is possible that the cyclostome pattern represents the vertebrate ancestral pattern. The study of cyclostomes may thus lead to an understanding of the most ancestral basis of craniofacial development. In this review, we summarize the development of the hagfish chondrocranium in light of the cyclostome pattern, present an updated comparison of the cyclostome chondrocranium, and discuss several aspects of the evolution and development of the vertebrate skull.
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