N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) formation during ozonation of N,N-dimethylhydrazine compounds.: Reaction kinetics, mechanisms, and implications for NDMA formation control

Compounds with N,N-dimethylhydrazine moieties ((CH3)(2)N-N-) form N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) during ozonation, but the relevant reaction chemistry is hitherto poorly understood. This study investigated the reaction kinetics and mechanisms of NDMA formation during ozonation of unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) and daminozide (DMZ) as structural model N,N-dimethylhydrazine compounds. The reaction of ozone with these NDMA precursor compounds was fast, and k(O3) at pH 7 was 2 x 10(6) M-1 s(-1) for UDMH and 5 x 10(5) M-1 s(-1) for DMZ. Molar NDMA yields (i.e., Delta[NDMA]/Delta [precursor] x 100) were 84% and 100% for UDMH and DMZ, respectively, determined at molar ozone dose ratio ([O-3](0)/[precursor](0)) of >= 4 in the presence of tert-butanol as hydroxyl radical ((OH)-O-center dot) scavenger. The molar NDMA yields decreased significantly in the absence of tert-butanol, indicating (OH)-O-center dot formation and its subsequent reaction with the parent precursors forming negligible NDMA. The k(center dot OH) at pH 7 was 4.9 x 10(9) M-1 s(-1) and 3.4 x 10(9) M-1 s(-1) for UDMH and DMZ, respectively. Reaction mechanisms are proposed in which an ozone adduct is formed at the nitrogen next to N,N-dimethylamine which decomposes via homolytic and heterolytic cleavages of the -N+-O-O-O- bond, forming NDMA as a final product. The heterolytic cleavage pathway explains the significant (OH)-O-center dot formation via radical intermediates. Overall, significant NDMA formation was found to be unavoidable during ozonation or even O-3/H2O2 treatment of waters containing N,N-dimethylhydrazine compounds due to their rapid reaction with ozone forming NDMA with high yield. Thus, source control or pre-treatment of N,N-dimethylhydrazine precursors and post-treatment of NDMA are proposed as the mitigation options. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.