Journal
WATER RESEARCH
Volume 98, Issue -, Pages 47-55Publisher
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.04.002
Keywords
Nitrogenous disinfection by-products (NDBPs); Iodinated disinfection by-products (I-DBPs); Haloacetamides (HAcAms); Persulfate Drinking water; Advanced oxidation
Funding
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [51378366, 51578389]
- National Major Science and Technology Project of China [2015ZX07406-004]
- Research and Development Project of Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development [2015-K7-028]
- Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities [0400219318]
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The use of persulfate oxidation processes is receiving increasing interest for the removal of aquatic contaminants. However, it is unknown whether its application in the presence of iodide has the potential to directly form iodinated DBPs. This study investigated formation of six chlorinated, brominated and iodinated di-haloacetamides (DHAcAms) during persulfate oxidation in the presence of bromide and iodide. Formation of the same DHAcAms during chlorination was monitored for comparison. Persulfate oxidation of natural water formed diiodoacetamide (DIAcAm), and heat-activated persulfate, at 45 C and 55 C, generated bromoiodoacetamide (BIAcAm) and dibromoacetamide (DBAcAm), besides DIAcAm. At an ambient iodide concentration of 03 jtM, total DHAcAms increased slightly from 0.43 to 0.57 nM as the water temperature increased from 4 degrees C to 35 degrees C, respectively (only DIAcAm detected), then significantly increased to 1.6 nM at 55 degrees C (DIAcAm, BIAcAm and DBAcAm detected). Equivalent total DHAcAm concentrations in the presence of 3.0 I.LM iodide were 0.5, 0.91 and 2.1 nM, respectively. Total DHAcAms formed during chlorination, predominantly dichloroacetamide (DCAcAm) and bromochloroacetamide (BCAcAm), were always significantly higher than that during persulfate oxidation. However, an integrated risk assessment showed the toxicity resulting from the DHAcAms was higher during persulfate oxidation than chlorination. An increase in water temperature from 25 degrees C to 55 degrees C significantly increased the integrated toxic risk values for both persulfate oxidation and chlorination. Use of persulfate oxidation should be weighed against the formation of high-toxicity iodinated HAcAms in waters with high ambient iodide concentrations. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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