Journal
TRENDS IN ECOLOGY & EVOLUTION
Volume 31, Issue 3, Pages 215-225Publisher
ELSEVIER SCIENCE LONDON
DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2015.12.012
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Funding
- Economic and Social Research Council (UK) [ES/J01916X/1, ES/M006042/1]
- Research Grants Council (Hong Kong) [ES/J016772/1]
- Leverhulme Trust International Network Grant
- BBSRC David Phillips Fellowship [BB/H021817/1]
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [BB/H021817/1, BB/H021817/2] Funding Source: researchfish
- Economic and Social Research Council [ES/M006042/1, ES/J01916X/2, ES/J016772/1, ES/J01916X/1] Funding Source: researchfish
- BBSRC [BB/H021817/2, BB/H021817/1] Funding Source: UKRI
- ESRC [ES/J01916X/1, ES/M006042/1, ES/J01916X/2, ES/J016772/1] Funding Source: UKRI
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It is often assumed in experiments and models that social learning abilities how often individuals copy others, plus who and how they copy - are species typical. Yet there is accruing evidence for systematic individual variation in social learning within species. Here we review evidence for this individual variation, placing it within a continuum of increasing phenotypic plasticity, from genetically polymorphic personality traits, to developmental plasticity via cues such as maternal stress, to the individual learning of social learning, and finally the social learning of social learning. The latter, possibly restricted to humans, can generate stable between-group cultural variation in social learning. More research is needed to understand the extent, causes, and consequences of this individual and cultural variation.
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