Journal
TRENDS IN BIOCHEMICAL SCIENCES
Volume 41, Issue 6, Pages 546-559Publisher
ELSEVIER SCIENCE LONDON
DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2016.03.003
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Funding
- Intramural NIH HHS [Z01 HD000412-21, ZIA HD000412-28] Funding Source: Medline
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RNA synthesis in eukaryotes is divided among three RNA polymerases (RNAPs). RNAP III transcribes hundreds of tRNA genes and fewer additional short RNA genes. We survey recent work on transcription by RNAP III including an atomic structure, mechanisms of action, interactions with chromatin and retroposons, and a conserved link between its activity and a tRNA modification that enhances mRNA decoding. Other new work suggests important mechanistic connections to oxidative stress, autoimmunity and cancer, embryonic stem cell pluripotency, and tissue-specific developmental effects. We consider that, for some of its complex functions, variation in RNAP III activity levels lead to nonuniform changes in tRNAs that can shift the translation profiles of key codon-biased mRNAs with resultant phenotypes or disease states.
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