Journal
TRAC-TRENDS IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
Volume 76, Issue -, Pages 102-114Publisher
ELSEVIER SCI LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.11.004
Keywords
Ion-selective electrode; Reference electrode; Solid contact; Ion sensing; Ion-to-electron transduction; Calibration-free sensor; Sensor miniaturization
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Funding
- University of Minnesota Initiative for Renewable Energy and the Environment (IREE)
- Krogh family
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Potentiometric sensing, which requires the use of ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) and reference electrodes, is used to determine electrochemically the concentration of target ions in a variety of chemical environments. In view of the need for more affordable and portable analytical devices with small sample volumes, all-solid-state ISEs and reference electrodes, in which a solid contact is used as ion-to-electron transducer, are highly desirable. This review describes how all-solid-state ISEs and reference electrodes function and presents important aspects that should be considered when designing such sensors for specific applications. Approaches to improving reproducibility, the stability of the emf response, lowering detection limits, and novel sensor designs are discussed along with specific examples from the recent literature. Emphasis is placed on the ion-to-electron transduction mechanism and the development of new solid contact materials, with a particular view to miniaturized ion-sensing devices with low cost and calibration-free sensing. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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