Application of in vivo solid-phase microextraction in environmental analysis

Detection of pollutants in animals and plants is crucial for understanding their capability and assessing the risk they pose to the environment and ecology. At present, the research on this area has been benefited from the advances in in vivo solid-phase microextraction (SPME), which reduces the sacrifice of animals and plants, facilitates on-site sampling and sample preparation, enables detection of unstable analytes, and facilitates long-term monitoring. This study summarizes the recent applications of in vivo SPME in detecting pollutants in animals and plants. The samplers, quantification methods, and various cutting-edge applications are discussed in detail. The future trends of using in vivo SPME in environmental analysis are also discussed. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.