Biological activities of Leptodeira annulata (banded cat-eyed snake) venom on vertebrate neuromuscular preparations

The physiological properties of colubrid snake venoms are largely unknown and less frequently investigated. In this study, we assessed the enzymatic properties and biological activities of Leptodeira annulata (banded cat-eyed snake) venom, an opistoglyphous snake from Colombia. The proteolytic, phospholipase A(2) and amidolytic activities are assessed using colorimetric assays and the biological activities were analyzed in avian and mammalian neuromuscular preparations. L annulata venom caused neuromuscular blockade in chick biventer cervicis (BC) preparations (40 +/- 15% and 50 +/- 3% of twitch reduction for 30 and 100 mu g/ml, respectively; p < 0.05) following 120 incubation; 10 mu g/ml of venom did not induce blockade. There was a mild reduction in contracture response to exogenous acetylcholine (110 mu M) in BC preparations exposed to 10 and 30 mu g of venom/ml (similar to 4% and similar to 32% of reduction, respectively, p > 0.05, n = 4) compared to basal values whereas the highest concentration (100 mu g/ml) abolished it after 120 min. The venom caused a significant reduction in contracture response elicited by KCI (similar to 58 and similar to 90 of reduction for 30 and 100 mu g/ml, respectively, p < 0.05, n = 4). In mouse phrenic nerve-diaphragm (PND) preparations, L annulata venom induced a progressive muscle membrane depolarization [from -85.9 +/- 1.6 mV (t(0)) to -72.2 +/- 2.9 mV (t(120)) p < 0.05, n = 4); the postsynaptic receptors remained functional as shown by carbachol-induced depolarization. The morphological analyses showed a concentration-dependent number of pathological states in muscle fibers from both BC and PND preparations pre-exposed to venom. The venom showed high proteolytic activity and low phospholipase A2 activity; there was no evidence for serine protease activity. These results indicate that the neuromuscular effect induced by L annulata venom resulted from damaged muscle fibers that lead to the blockade of twitches response. The findings suggest that the myotoxicity might be related to the presence of metalloproteases in this venom. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.