Journal
CLIMATE DYNAMICS
Volume 47, Issue 1-2, Pages 359-374Publisher
SPRINGER
DOI: 10.1007/s00382-015-2841-5
Keywords
Global monsoon; Last Glacial Maximum; External forcing; CMIP5; PMIP3
Categories
Funding
- National Basic Research Program [2015CB953804]
- Strategic and Special Frontier Project of Science and Technology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences [XDA05080800]
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [41302137, 41371209, 41420104002]
- Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD)
- National Research Foundation (NRF) of Korea through Korean Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (MEST) [2011-0021927]
- China-US Atmosphere-Ocean Research Center
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Change of global monsoon (GM) during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) is investigated using results from the multi-model ensemble of seven coupled climate models participated in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5. The GM changes during LGM are identified by comparison of the results from the pre-industrial control run and the LGM run. The results show (1) the annual mean GM precipitation and GM domain are reduced by about 10 and 5 %, respectively; (2) the monsoon intensity (demonstrated by the local summer-minus-winter precipitation) is also weakened over most monsoon regions except Australian monsoon; (3) the monsoon precipitation is reduced more during the local summer than winter; (4) distinct from all other regional monsoons, the Australian monsoon is strengthened and the monsoon area is enlarged. Four major factors contribute to these changes. The lower greenhouse gas concentration and the presence of the ice sheets decrease air temperature and water vapor content, resulting in a general weakening of the GM precipitation and reduction of GM domain. The reduced hemispheric difference in seasonal variation of insolation may contribute to the weakened GM intensity. The changed land-ocean configuration in the vicinity of the Maritime Continent, along with the presence of the ice sheets and lower greenhouse gas concentration, result in strengthened land-ocean and North-South hemispheric thermal contrasts, leading to the unique strengthened Australian monsoon. Although some of the results are consistent with the proxy data, uncertainties remain in different models. More comparison is needed between proxy data and model experiments to better understand the changes of the GM during the LGM.
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