Comparing ΔTmax Determination Approaches for Granier-Based Sapflow Estimations

Granier-type thermal dissipation probes are common instruments for quantifying tree water use in forest hydrological studies. Estimating sapflow using Granier-type sapflow sensors requires determining the maximum temperature gradient (Delta T-max) between the heated probe and the reference probe below. Delta T-max represents a state of zero sap flux, which was originally assumed to occur each night leading to a Delta T-max determination on a daily basis. However, researchers have proven that, under certain conditions, sapflow may continue throughout the night. Therefore alternative approaches to determining Delta T-max have been developed. Multiple Delta T-max approaches are now in use; however, sapflow estimates remain imprecise because the empirical equation that transfers the raw temperature signal (Delta T) to sap flux density (F-d) is strongly sensitive to Delta T-max. In this study, we analyze the effects of different Delta T-max determination approaches on sub-daily, daily and (intra-) seasonal F-d estimations. On this basis, we quantify the uncertainty of sapflow calculations, which is related to the raw signal processing. We show that the Delta T-max determination procedure has a major influence on absolute Delta T-max values and the respective sap flux density computations. Consequently, the choice of the Delta T-max determination approach may be a significant source of uncertainty in sapflow estimations.