Journal
SEMINARS IN CELL & DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
Volume 56, Issue -, Pages 9-18Publisher
ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.04.013
Keywords
Dosage compensation; X chromosome; Aneuploidy; Sex chromosome evolution; Sex differences
Categories
Funding
- National Institutes of Health [GM113943, GM046883, DK107979]
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Males are XY and females are XX in most mammalian species. Other species such as birds have a different sex chromosome make-up: ZZ in males and ZW in females. In both types of organisms one of the sex chromosomes, Y or W, has degenerated due to lack of recombination with its respective homolog X or Z. Since autosomes are present in two copies in diploid organisms the heterogametic sex has become a natural aneuploid with haploinsufficiency for X- or Z-linked genes. Specific mechanisms have evolved to restore a balance between critical gene products throughout the genome and between males and females. Some of these mechanisms were co-opted from and/or added to compensatory processes that alleviate autosomal aneuploidy. Surprisingly, several modes of dosage compensation have evolved. In this review we will consider the evidence for dosage compensation and the molecular mechanisms implicated. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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