Products and mechanisms of the heterogeneous reactions of ozone with commonly used pyrethroids in the atmosphere

The heterogeneous reactions of gas-phase ozone and two pyrethroid pesticides, deltamethrin and permethrin, which are the most frequently applied insecticides today, has been investigated. Tentative identifications of heterogeneous ozonolysis products of both pesticides reveal that the reaction mechanisms differ and are mainly influenced by the presence of the cyano moiety at the alpha-position of deltamethrin (pyrethroid type II). The mechanism study also suggests the important role of water. Finally, several of the degradation products emerged from the ozonolysis of deltamethrin and permethrin may pose further health and environmental hazard due to their higher toxicity, such as phosgene for permethrin, and bromophosgene, 3-phenoxybenzaldehyde (3-PBA) and fulminic acid for deltamethrin. The results obtained in this study can contribute to better describe the atmospheric fate of pesticides in the particle phase. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.