Journal
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
Volume 550, Issue -, Pages 522-533Publisher
ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.129
Keywords
Chlordane; DDE; HCH; Kruger National Park; Lindane; Multivariate analysis; Tigerfish
Categories
Funding
- Water Research Commission (WRC) of South Africa [K5-1922]
- National Research Foundation (NRF) [PG36150002]
- Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan [24248056, 26304043, 15H02825]
- foundation of the JSPS Core to Core Program [PG36150001]
- Bilateral Joint Research Project [PG36150002]
- Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research [15H02825, 16H01779, 16K16197, 26304043] Funding Source: KAKEN
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With the second highest gross domestic product in Africa, South Africa is known to have a high pesticide usage, including the highly persistent and banned group of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). South Africa is also one of few countries to still actively spray DDT as malaria vector control. The aim of the study was to determine the degree to which aquatic biota in selected rivers of the world renowned Kruger National Park (KNP) arc exposed to by use of OCPs in the catchments outside the KNP and how this exposure relates to human health. Tigerfish (Hydrocynus vittatus) arc economically important apex predators and was selected as bioindicator for this study. Fish were sampled from the KNP sections of the Luvuvhu, Letaba and Olifants rivers during the high and low flow periods from 2010 to 2011 within the KNP and 19 OCPs were determined in muscle tissue using GC-ECD techniques. Significant flow related and spatial OCP bioaccumulation was observed. Tigerfish from the Luvuvhu River displayed the highest OCP bioaccumulation. Concentrations of the majority of the OCPs including the DDTs were the highest levels ever recorded from South African freshwater systems and in many cases the concentrations were higher than most contaminated areas from around the world. The concentrations found in H. vittatus muscle also exceeded maximum residue levels in edible fat as set by the European Union. The health risk assessment also demonstrated that the levels of OCPs pose very high cancer risks to the local populations consuming tigerfish, as high as 2 in 10 increased risk factor. This is of concern not only when managing the water resources of the conservation area but also for surrounding communities consuming freshwater fish. Contaminants enter the park from outside the borders and pose potential risks to the mandated conservation of aquatic biota within the KNP. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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