4.7 Article

Current implications of past DDT indoor spraying in Oman

Journal

SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
Volume 550, Issue -, Pages 231-240

Publisher

ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.12.044

Keywords

DDT; Residual indoor spraying; Human risk assessment; Cancer risk; Region-specific half-life

Funding

  1. Ministry of Education of the Czech Republic [LM2011028, LO1214]
  2. Czech Science Foundation [14-27941S]

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In Oman, DDT was sprayed indoors during an intensive malaria eradication program between 1976 and 1992. DDT can remain for years after spraying and is associated with potential health risk. This raises the concern for human exposure in areas where DDT was used for indoor spraying. Twelve houses in three regions with a different history of DDT indoor spraying were chosen for a sampling campaign in 2005 to determine p,p'dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (p,p'-DDT), p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p'-DDT) and p,p'dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (p,p'-DDD) levels in indoor air, dust, and outdoor soil. Although DDT was only sprayed indoor, p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDE and p,p'-DDD were also found in outdoor soil The results indicate that release and exposure continue for years after cessation of spraying. The predicted cancer risk based on concentrations determined in 2005, indicate that there was still a significant cancer risk up to 13 to 16 years after indoor DDT spraying. A novel approach, based on region-specific half-lives, was used to predict concentrations in 2015 and showed that more than 21 years after spraying, cancer risk for exposure to indoor air, dust, and outdoor soil are acceptable in Oman for adults and young children. The model can be used for other locations and countries to predict prospective exposure of contaminants based on indoor experimental measurements and knowledge about the spraying time-schedule to extrapolate region-specific half-lives and predict effects on the human population years after spraying. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights resented.

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