Journal
SCIENCE
Volume 353, Issue 6299, Pages -Publisher
AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE
DOI: 10.1126/science.aad5147
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Funding
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
- NWO/TOP [714.015.001]
- NIH through NIMH [5DP1-MH100706, 1R01-MH110049]
- NIH through NIDDK [5R01DK097768-03]
- New York Stem Cell Foundation
- Paul G. Allen Family Foundation
- Vallee Foundation
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Adaptive immunity had been long thought of as an exclusive feature of animals. However, the discovery of the CRISPR-Cas defense system, present in almost half of prokaryotic genomes, proves otherwise. Because of the everlasting parasite-host arms race, CRISPR-Cas has rapidly evolved through horizontal transfer of complete loci or individual modules, resulting in extreme structural and functional diversity. CRISPR-Cas systems are divided into two distinct classes that each consist of three types and multiple subtypes. We discuss recent advances in CRISPR-Cas research that reveal elaborate molecular mechanisms and provide for a plausible scenario of CRISPR-Cas evolution. We also briefly describe the latest developments of a wide range of CRISPR-based applications.
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