A modern look on yield stress fluids

A concept of viscoplasticity advanced exactly one century ago by Bingham appears very fruitful because there are many natural and artificial materials that demonstrate viscoplastic behavior, i.e., they are able to pass from a solid to a liquid state under the influence of applied stress. However, although this transition was originally considered as a jump-like phenomenon occurring at a certain stress-the yield stress-numerous subsequent studies have shown that the real situation is more complicated. A long-term discussion about the possibility of flow at low stresses less than the yield stress came to today's conclusion denying this possibility as being opposite to the existence of the maximal Newtonian viscosity in viscoelastic polymeric fluids. So, there is a contradiction between the central dogma of rheology which says that everything flows and the alleged impossibility for flow at a solid-like state of viscoplastic fluids. Then, the concept of the fragile destruction of an inner structure responsible for a solid-like state at the definite (yield) stress was replaced by an understanding of the yielding as a transition extending over some stress range and occurring in time. So, instead of the yield stress, yielding is characterized by the dependence of durability (or time-to-break) on the applied stress. In this review, experimental facts and the new understanding of yielding as a kinetic process are discussed. Besides, some other alternative methods for measuring the yield stress are considered.