The effect of an oral anti-oxidant, N-Acetyl-cysteine, on inflammatory and oxidative markers in pulmonary sarcoidosis

Background: Oxidative stress (OS) has been shown to play a role in the pathogenesis of sarcoidosis and previous studies have shown that anti-oxidants can reduce markers of oxidative stress and inflammation in the peripheral blood of sarcoidosis subjects. We investigated the effect of N-Acetyl-Cysteine (NAC) on oxidative stress and inflammatory markers in the lungs of sarcoidosis patients. Methods: We randomized 11 sarcoidosis subjects to active therapy and 3 to placebo for 8 weeks in a double blinded study. Bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage was performed pre and post therapy. Our primary endpoint was TNF-alpha production from stimulated and unstimulated BAL cells. Secondary outcomes included measures of oxidative stress (GSH, 8-OHdG) levels in the BAL. In-vitro studies were also performed to assess the effect of NAC on lipopolysaccharide stimulated BAL cell production of TNF-alpha. Results: Eight subjects in the active group and 2 in the placebo group completed the study protocol. Eight weeks of oral NAC did not have a significant impact on TNF-alpha levels from BAL cells in-vivo in spite of a 59% increase in BAL GSH levels. Our in vitro studies showed a significant decline in TNF-alpha production from LPS stimulated BAL cells treated with 5 and 10 mM of NAC. Conclusions: Oral NAC increased GSH levels but failed to suppress in-vivo TNF-alpha production in contrast to effects in-vitro. Anti-oxidant therapy may still play a role in the management of sarcoidosis but therapy with better bioavailability or potency is needed to suppress the lung inflammatory response. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.