Journal
PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
Volume 283, Issue 1841, Pages -Publisher
ROYAL SOC
DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.1625
Keywords
human-dominated landscapes; behaviourally mediated effects; density-mediated effects; trophic cascades; recolonizing carnivores
Categories
Funding
- National Science Centre, Poland [2012/05/B/NZ8/01010, 2015/17/B/NZ8/02403]
- Swedish Environmental Protection Agency [NV-01337-15]
- EU FP7 Marie Curie Career Integration Grant programme ['HOTSPOT' PCIG10-GA-2011-304128]
- Swedish Research Council Formas [2015-826]
- Ekoklim at Stockholm University
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Large carnivores are frequently presented as saviours of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning through their creation of trophic cascades, an idea largely based on studies coming primarily out of relatively natural landscapes. However, in large parts of the world, particularly in Europe, large carnivores live in and are returning to strongly human-modified ecosystems. At present, we lack a coherent framework to predict the effects of large carnivores in these anthropogenic landscapes. We review how human actions influence the ecological roles of large carnivores by affecting their density or behaviour or those of mesopredators or prey species. We argue that the potential for density-mediated trophic cascades in anthropogenic landscapes is limited to unproductive areas where even low carnivore numbers may impact prey densities or to the limited parts of the landscape where carnivores are allowed to reach ecologically functional densities. The potential for behaviourally mediated trophic cascades may be larger and more widespread, because even low carnivore densities affect prey behaviour. We conclude that predator-prey interactions in anthropogenic landscapes will be highly context-dependent and human actions will often attenuate the ecological effects of large carnivores. We highlight the knowledge gaps and outline a new research avenue to study the role of carnivores in anthropogenic landscapes.
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