Journal
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Volume 113, Issue 48, Pages 13594-13599Publisher
NATL ACAD SCIENCES
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1607810113
Keywords
archaeology; Neolithic; lipid residue analyses; archaeozoology; milk
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Funding
- NERC [NE/G52421X/1, R8/H10/63]
- 7th framework Marie Curie Initial Training Networks [FP7-ITN-215362-2]
- NeoMilk project [FP7-IDEAS-ERC/324202]
- Leverhulme Trust [F/00182/T]
- ARISE [MERG-CT-2007-201751]
- Natural Environment Research Council [1257864] Funding Source: researchfish
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In the absence of any direct evidence, the relative importance of meat and dairy productions to Neolithic prehistoric Mediterranean communities has been extensively debated. Here, we combine lipid residue analysis of ceramic vessels with osteo-archaeological age-at-death analysis from 82 northern Mediterranean and Near Eastern sites dating from the seventh to fifth millennia BC to address this question. The findings show variable intensities in dairy and non-dairy activities in the Mediterranean region with the slaughter profiles of domesticated ruminants mirroring the results of the organic residue analyses. The finding of milk residues in very early Neolithic pottery (seventh millennium BC) from both the east and west of the region contrasts with much lower intensities in sites of northern Greece, where pig bones are present in higher frequencies compared with other locations. In this region, the slaughter profiles of all domesticated ruminants suggest meat production predominated. Overall, it appears that milk or the by-products of milk was an important foodstuff, which may have contributed significantly to the spread of these cultural groups by providing a nourishing and sustainable product for early farming communities.
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