Journal
PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL
Volume 14, Issue 12, Pages 2203-2216Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12634
Keywords
genome editing; mutational signature; off-target mutations; on-target mutations; sgRNA design; site-directed mutagenesis; species-dependent effects
Funding
- European Research Council Advanced Grant 'Future-Pharma' [269110]
- Dow AgroSciences
- Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness [BIO2014-54426-P, BIO2014-54441-P]
- Catalan Government Agricultural Biotechnology Research Group [2014 SGR 1296]
- ICREA Funding Source: Custom
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The CRISPR/Cas9 system and related RNA-guided endonucleases can introduce double-strand breaks (DSBs) at specific sites in the genome, allowing the generation of targeted mutations in one or more genes as well as more complex genomic rearrangements. Modifications of the canonical CRISPR/Cas9 system from Streptococcus pyogenes and the introduction of related systems from other bacteria have increased the diversity of genomic sites that can be targeted, providing greater control over the resolution of DSBs, the targeting efficiency (frequency of on-target mutations), the targeting accuracy (likelihood of off-target mutations) and the type of mutations that are induced. Although much is now known about the principles of CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing, the likelihood of different outcomes is species-dependent and there have been few comparative studies looking at the basis of such diversity. Here we critically analyse the activity of CRISPR/Cas9 and related systems in different plant species and compare the outcomes in animals and microbes to draw broad conclusions about the design principles required for effective genome editing in different organisms. These principles will be important for the commercial development of crops, farm animals, animal disease models and novel microbial strains using CRISPR/Cas9 and other genome-editing tools.
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