Journal
PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
Volume 116, Issue 13, Pages -Publisher
AMER PHYSICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.132001
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Funding
- S. Kowalevskaja Award from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation
- U.S. DOE [DE-SC0010339]
- U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) [DE-SC0010339] Funding Source: U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)
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We study numerically the saddle point structure of two-dimensional lattice gauge theory, represented by the Gross-Witten-Wadia unitary matrix model. The saddle points are, in general, complex valued, even though the original integration variables and action are real. We confirm the trans-series and instanton gas structure in the weak-coupling phase, and we identify a new complex-saddle interpretation of nonperturbative effects in the strong-coupling phase. In both phases, eigenvalue tunneling refers to eigenvalues moving off the real interval, into the complex plane, and the weak-to-strong coupling phase transition is driven by saddle condensation.
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