Journal
CHEMOSPHERE
Volume 119, Issue -, Pages S2-S8Publisher
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.03.069
Keywords
Emerging pollutant; Pharmaceutical; Wastewater treatment plant; High-resolution mass spectrometry; Validation; Environmental risk assessment
Categories
Funding
- Special Research Fund of Ghent University
- Flemish Government [BOF 11/STA/027]
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Through systematic research a novel analytical method using solid-phase extraction (SPE) and liquid chromatography magnetic sector mass spectrometry was developed for the measurement of 43 pharmaceuticals in wastewater. A thorough method validation quantified the contribution of both the extraction recovery and matrix effects in the overall method process efficiency, and a detailed uncertainty analysis was performed to elaborate a quality labelling strategy to be used in data interpretation. Compounds for which a precise (relative standard deviation <20%) process efficiency between 60% and 140% was determined, were labelled as 'quantitative' whereas the results for other compounds should be interpreted as 'indicative'. Method application on influent and effluent samples of (i) a conventional active sludge system and (ii) a parallel membrane bioreactor/conventional active sludge wastewater treatment plant in Belgium revealed the occurrence of 22 pharmaceuticals. The anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac and the antidepressant venlafaxine were measured in the effluents at concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 1.8 mu g L-1 and 0.2 to 0.5 mu g L-1, respectively, which indicated to be of high potential environmental risk for the receiving river Dender, Belgium. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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