Journal
CHEMOSPHERE
Volume 139, Issue -, Pages 386-392Publisher
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.07.021
Keywords
Embryonic development; Cadmium; Embryotoxicity; Histology; Immunohistochemistry
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Funding
- European Funds through COMPETE
- National Funds through the Portuguese Science Foundation (FCT) [PEst-C/MAR/LA0017/2013, FUBIA FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-008651 (PTDC/AAC-CLI/103719/2008), BI/UI88/4494/2012, SFRH/BD/102702/2014]
- Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia [SFRH/BD/102702/2014] Funding Source: FCT
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The existing standard enchytraeid reproduction test (ERT) concerns the assessment of effects on survival and reproduction. In the present study we optimized and propose an embryotoxicity test using Enchytraeus crypticus. Cadmium (Cd) was used as a test substance. Endpoints evaluated were embryo development, number of embryonic structures, Calcium (Ca) channels quantification and hatching success with macroscopic monitoring, histological and immunohistochemistry analysis. Results showed that Cd is embryotoxic for this species, causing a decrease in the hatching success (EC50 = 3.1 mg/kg), a delay or disruption in formation of embryonic structures depending on concentrations (<5 mg Cd/kg or >= 16 mg Cd/kg). Results from immunohistochemistry suggest a competitive binding between Cd and Ca for Ca channels, resulting in changes in Ca homeostasis. The use of the E. crypticus embryotoxicity test with the combination of histological and immunohistological tools provided a good option towards mechanistic information enhancing the importance of these tests to evaluate the hazard of chemicals and possible use in risk assessment. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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